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Evaluating satellite retrieved fractional snow-covered area at a high-Arctic site using terrestrial photography
Remote Sensing of Environment ( IF 13.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.111618
Kristoffer Aalstad , Sebastian Westermann , Laurent Bertino

Abstract The seasonal snow-cover is one of the most rapidly varying natural surface features on Earth. It strongly modulates the terrestrial water, energy, and carbon balance. Fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) is an essential snow variable that can be retrieved from multispectral satellite imagery. In this study, we evaluate fSCA retrievals from multiple sensors that are currently in polar orbit: the operational land imager (OLI) on-board Landsat 8, the multispectral instrument (MSI) on-board the Sentinel-2 satellites, and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on-board Terra and Aqua. We consider several retrieval algorithms that fall into three classes: thresholding of the normalized difference snow index (NDSI), regression on the NDSI, and spectral unmixing. We conduct the evaluation at a high-Arctic site in Svalbard, Norway, by comparing satellite retrieved fSCA to coincident high-resolution snow-cover maps obtained from a terrestrial automatic camera system. For the lower resolution MODIS retrievals, the regression-based retrievals outperformed the unmixing-based retrievals for all metrics but the bias. For the higher resolution sensors (OLI and MSI), retrievals based on NDSI thresholding overestimated the fSCA due to the mixed pixel problem whereas spectral unmixing retrievals provided the most reliable estimates across the board. We therefore encourage the operationalization of spectral unmixing retrievals of fSCA from both OLI and MSI.

中文翻译:

使用地面摄影评估卫星在高北极地区的部分积雪覆盖区域

摘要 季节性积雪是地球上变化最快的自然地表特征之一。它强烈调节陆地水、能量和碳平衡。部分积雪面积 (fSCA) 是一个重要的积雪变量,可以从多光谱卫星图像中检索。在这项研究中,我们评估了当前在极地轨道上的多个传感器的 fSCA 检索:Landsat 8 上的操作陆地成像仪 (OLI)、Sentinel-2 卫星上的多光谱仪器 (MSI) 和中等分辨率Terra 和 Aqua 上的成像光谱仪 (MODIS)。我们考虑了几种可分为三类的检索算法:归一化差异雪指数 (NDSI) 的阈值化、NDSI 的回归和光谱分离。我们在斯瓦尔巴群岛的一个高北极地区进行评估,挪威,通过将卫星检索到的 fSCA 与从地面自动摄像系统获得的重合高分辨率积雪地图进行比较。对于较低分辨率的 MODIS 检索,基于回归的检索在除偏差外的所有指标上均优于基于非混合的检索。对于更高分辨率的传感器(OLI 和 MSI),由于混合像素问题,基于 NDSI 阈值的检索高估了 fSCA,而光谱分离检索提供了最可靠的全面估计。因此,我们鼓励从 OLI 和 MSI 对 fSCA 的频谱解混检索进行操作。对于除偏差外的所有指标,基于回归的检索都优于基于分离的检索。对于更高分辨率的传感器(OLI 和 MSI),由于混合像素问题,基于 NDSI 阈值的检索高估了 fSCA,而光谱分离检索提供了最可靠的全面估计。因此,我们鼓励从 OLI 和 MSI 对 fSCA 的频谱解混检索进行操作。对于除偏差外的所有指标,基于回归的检索都优于基于分离的检索。对于更高分辨率的传感器(OLI 和 MSI),由于混合像素问题,基于 NDSI 阈值的检索高估了 fSCA,而光谱分离检索提供了最可靠的全面估计。因此,我们鼓励从 OLI 和 MSI 对 fSCA 的频谱解混检索进行操作。
更新日期:2020-03-01
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