Metabolic diseases are based on a dysregulated crosstalk between various cells such as adipocytes, hepatocytes and immune cells. Generally, hormones and metabolites mediate this crosstalk that becomes alterated in metabolic syndrome including obesity and diabetes. Recently, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a novel way of cell-to-cell communication and represent an attractive strategy to transfer fundamental informations between the cells through the transport of proteins and nucleic acids. EVs, released in the extracellular space, circulate via the various body fluids and modulate the cellular responses following their interaction with the near and far target cells. Clinical and experimental data support their role as biomarkers and bioeffectors in several diseases includimg also the metabolic syndrome. Despite numerous studies on the role of macrophages in the development of metabolic diseases, to date, there are little informations about the influence of metabolic stress on the EVs produced by macrophages and about the role of the released vesicles in the organism. Here, we review current understanding about the role of EVs in metabolic diseases, mainly in inflammation status burst. This knowledge may play a relevant role in health monitoring, medical diagnosis and personalized medicine.

中文翻译：

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微囊泡和囊泡在代谢性疾病和炎症中。

代谢性疾病基于各种细胞（例如脂肪细胞，肝细胞和免疫细胞）之间的串扰失调。通常，激素和代谢物介导这种串扰，这种串扰在包括肥胖症和糖尿病在内的代谢综合征中会发生改变。近来，细胞外囊泡（EVs）作为一种新型的细胞间通讯方式而出现，并代表了一种有吸引力的策略，即通过蛋白质和核酸的转运在细胞之间转移基本信息。在细胞外空间释放的电动汽车通过各种体液循环，并在它们与近，远靶细胞相互作用后调节细胞反应。临床和实验数据支持了它们在几种疾病（包括代谢综合征）中作为生物标志物和生物效应物的作用。迄今为止，尽管对巨噬细胞在代谢性疾病发展中的作用进行了大量研究，但关于代谢应激对巨噬细胞产生的电动汽车的影响以及释放的囊泡在生物体中的作用的信息很少。在这里，我们回顾了有关电动汽车在代谢性疾病中的作用的当前理解，主要是在炎症状态爆发中。这些知识可能在健康监测，医学诊断和个性化医学中发挥重要作用。