Chagas disease is currently endemic to 21 Latin-American countries and has also become a global concern because of globalization and mass migration of chronically infected individuals. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination might contribute to control the infection and the pathology, as complement of other strategies such as vector control and chemotherapy. Ideal prophylactic vaccine would produce sterilizing immunity; however, a reduction of the parasite burden would prevent progression from Trypanosoma cruzi infection to Chagas disease. A therapeutic vaccine for Chagas disease may improve or even replace the treatment with current drugs which have several side effects and require long term treatment that frequently leads to therapeutic withdrawal. Here, we will review some aspects about sub-unit vaccines, the rationale behind the selection of the immunogen, the role of adjuvants, the advantages and limitations of DNA-based vaccines and the idea of therapeutic vaccines. One of the main limitations to advance vaccine development against Chagas disease is the high number of variables that must be considered and the lack of uniform criteria among research laboratories. To make possible comparisons, much of this review will be focused on experiments that kept many variables constant including antigen mass/doses, type of eukaryotic plasmid, DNA-delivery system, mice strain and sex, lethal and sublethal model of infection, and similar immunogenicity and efficacy assessments.

中文翻译：

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南美锥虫病疫苗设计：寻找有效的克鲁斯锥虫免疫介导的控制。

恰加斯病目前是21个拉丁美洲国家的特有疾病，并且由于全球化和长期感染者的大规模迁移而成为全球关注的问题。预防性和治疗性疫苗接种可能有助于控制感染和病理，作为载体控制和化学疗法等其他策略的补充。理想的预防性疫苗将产生杀菌免疫；然而，减少寄生虫负担将防止从克鲁氏锥虫感染发展为恰加斯病。恰加斯病的治疗性疫苗可以改善或什至用具有多种副作用并且需要长期治疗的经常使用的药物来代替治疗，所述治疗经常导致治疗性停药。在这里，我们将回顾有关亚单位疫苗的一些方面，选择免疫原的基本原理，佐剂的作用，基于DNA的疫苗的优缺点以及治疗性疫苗的想法。推进针对恰加斯病的疫苗开发的主要限制之一是必须考虑的变量太多，而且研究实验室之间缺乏统一的标准。为了进行比较，本综述的大部分内容将集中在使许多变量保持恒定的实验上，这些变量包括抗原质量/剂量，真核质粒的类型，DNA递送系统，小鼠品系和性别，感染的致死和亚致死模型以及类似的免疫原性和功效评估。推进针对恰加斯病的疫苗开发的主要限制之一是必须考虑的变量太多，而且研究实验室之间缺乏统一的标准。为了进行比较，本综述的大部分内容将集中在使许多变量保持恒定的实验上，这些变量包括抗原质量/剂量，真核质粒的类型，DNA递送系统，小鼠品系和性别，感染的致死和亚致死模型以及类似的免疫原性和功效评估。推进针对恰加斯病的疫苗开发的主要限制之一是必须考虑的变量太多，而且研究实验室之间缺乏统一的标准。为了进行比较，本综述的大部分内容将集中在使许多变量保持恒定的实验上，这些变量包括抗原质量/剂量，真核质粒的类型，DNA递送系统，小鼠品系和性别，感染的致死和亚致死模型以及类似的免疫原性和功效评估。