A phenylboronic acid-based, hydrogel-interlayer Radio-Frequency (RF) resonator is demonstrated as a highly-responsive, passive and wireless sensor for glucose monitoring. Constructs are composed of unanchored, capacitively-coupled split rings interceded by glucose-responsive hydrogels. Phenylboronic acid-hydrogels exhibit volumetric and dielectric variations in response to environmental glucose concentrations-these are efficiently converted to large shifts in the resonant response of interlayer-RF sensors. These tiny, stretchable and scalable sensors (5 mm × 5 mm x 250 μm) require no microelectronics or power at the sensing node and can be read-out remotely via near-field coupling. Sensors exhibit high sensitivities (~10% shift in resonant frequency-corresponding to 50 MHz-per 150 mg/dL of glucose), possess a limit of detection of 10 mg/dL, and a step response time of approximately 1 h to abrupt shifts in carbohydrate concentration. Notably, these sensors exhibited no signal drift or hysteresis over the time periods characterized herein (45 days at room temperature). We transform sensors into bioelectronic RF reporter-tags via the attachment of a single LED-these remotely report on glucose concentration via emitted light. We anticipate the non-degradative, long-term nature of both RF read-out and phenylboronic acid-based hydrogels will enable biosensors capable of long-term, remote read-out of glucose.

中文翻译：

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使用苯基硼酸水凝胶层间RF谐振器进行被动式和无线式可植入葡萄糖感测。

基于苯基硼酸的水凝胶中间层射频（RF）谐振器已被证明是用于葡萄糖监测的高响应，被动和无线传感器。构建体由葡萄糖响应水凝胶插入的未锚定，电容耦合的开环组成。苯硼酸水凝胶根据环境葡萄糖浓度表现出体积和介电变化-这些有效地转换为层间RF传感器的共振响应中的大位移。这些纤巧，可拉伸且可扩展的传感器（5 mm×5 mm x 250μm）在传感节点上不需要微电子器件或电源，可以通过近场耦合远程读出。传感器具有很高的灵敏度（每150 mg / dL葡萄糖的共振频率偏移约10％），检测极限为10 mg / dL，碳水化合物浓度突然变化的阶跃响应时间约为1小时。值得注意的是，这些传感器在此处表征的时间段（室温下为45天）内没有信号漂移或磁滞现象。我们通过单个LED的连接将传感器转变为生物电子RF报告标签，这些标签通过发射的光来远程报告葡萄糖浓度。我们预计，RF读数和苯基硼酸基水凝胶的非降解性，长期性将使生物传感器能够长期，远程地读取葡萄糖。我们通过单个LED的连接将传感器转变为生物电子RF报告标签，这些标签通过发射的光来远程报告葡萄糖浓度。我们预计，RF读数和苯基硼酸基水凝胶的非降解性，长期性将使生物传感器能够长期，远程地读取葡萄糖。我们通过单个LED的连接将传感器转变为生物电子RF报告标签，这些标签通过发射的光来远程报告葡萄糖浓度。我们预计，RF读数和苯基硼酸基水凝胶的非降解性，长期性将使生物传感器能够长期，远程地读取葡萄糖。