Some of the oldest and most established industrial biotechnology processes involve the fungal production of organic acids. In these fungi, the transport of metabolites between cellular compartments, and their secretion, is a major factor. In this review we exemplify the importance of both mitochondrial and plasma membrane transporters in the case of itaconic acid production in two very different fungal systems, Aspergillus and Ustilago. Homologous and heterologous overexpression of both types of transporters, and biochemical analysis of mitochondrial transporter function, show that these two fungi produce the same compound through very different pathways. The way these fungi respond to itaconate stress, especially at low pH, also differs, although this is still an open field which clearly needs additional research.

中文翻译：

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衣康酸生产中的代谢专长：两个真菌的故事。

一些最古老，最成熟的工业生物技术过程涉及真菌生产有机酸。在这些真菌中，代谢物在细胞区室之间的运输及其分泌是主要因素。在这篇综述中，我们举例说明了在两种截然不同的真菌系统曲霉和Ustilago中产生衣康酸的情况下线粒体和质膜转运蛋白的重要性。两种类型的转运蛋白的同源和异源过度表达，以及线粒体转运蛋白功能的生化分析表明，这两种真菌通过非常不同的途径产生相同的化合物。这些真菌对衣康酸胁迫的响应方式，尤其是在低pH条件下，也有所不同，尽管这仍然是一个开放领域，显然需要进一步研究。