Autoimmune uveitis is a sight-threatening, rare disease, potentially leading to blindness. Uveitis is a synonym for intraocular inflammation, presenting as various clinical phenotypes with different underlying immune responses in patients, whereas different animal models usually represent one certain clinical and immunological type of uveitis due to genetic uniformity and the method of disease induction. T cells recognizing intraocular antigens initiate the disease, recruiting inflammatory cells (granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages) to the eyes, which cause the damage of the tissue. The treatment of uveitis so far aims at downregulation of inflammation to protect the ocular tissues from damage, and at immunosuppression to stop fueling T cell reactivity. Uveitis is usually prevented by specific mechanisms of the ocular immune privilege and the blood-eye-barriers, but once the disease is induced, mechanisms of the immune privilege as well as a variety of novel regulatory features including new Treg cell populations and suppressive cytokines are induced to downregulate the ocular inflammation and T cell responses and to avoid relapses and chronicity. Here we describe mechanisms of regulation observed in experimental animal models as well as detected in studies with peripheral lymphocytes from patients.

中文翻译：

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解决葡萄膜炎。

自身免疫性葡萄膜炎是一种威胁视力的罕见疾病，可能导致失明。葡萄膜炎是眼内炎症的同义词，在患者中表现为具有不同潜在免疫反应的各种临床表型，而由于遗传均匀性和疾病诱导方法，不同的动物模型通常代表一种特定的临床和免疫学类型的葡萄膜炎。识别眼内抗原的T细胞会引发疾病，并向眼睛募集炎症细胞（粒细胞，单核细胞/巨噬细胞），从而引起组织损伤。到目前为止，葡萄膜炎的治疗旨在下调炎症以保护眼组织免受损害，并进行免疫抑制以停止提供T细胞反应性。葡萄膜炎通常是通过眼部免疫特权和血眼屏障的特定机制来预防的，但是一旦诱发了疾病，免疫特权的机制以及包括新的Treg细胞群和抑制性细胞因子在内的各种新颖的调节功能就可以了。诱导下调眼部炎症和T细胞反应，避免复发和慢性。在这里，我们描述了在实验动物模型中观察到的调节机制，以及在对来自患者的外周淋巴细胞的研究中发现的调节机制。诱导免疫特权的机制以及包括新的Treg细胞群和抑制性细胞因子在内的各种新颖的调节功能，可以下调眼部炎症和T细胞反应，并避免复发和慢性。在这里，我们描述了在实验动物模型中观察到的调节机制，以及在对来自患者的外周淋巴细胞的研究中发现的调节机制。诱导免疫特权的机制以及包括新的Treg细胞群和抑制性细胞因子在内的各种新颖的调节功能，可以下调眼部炎症和T细胞反应，并避免复发和慢性。在这里，我们描述了在实验动物模型中观察到的调节机制，以及在对来自患者的外周淋巴细胞的研究中发现的调节机制。