Xenografts of skeletal muscle are used to study muscle repair and regeneration, mechanisms of muscular dystrophies, and potential cell therapies for musculoskeletal disorders. Typically, xenografting involves using an immunodeficient host that is pre-injured to create a niche for human cell engraftment. Cell type and method of delivery to muscle depend on the specific application, but can include myoblasts, satellite cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesangioblasts, immortalized muscle precursor cells, and other multipotent cell lines delivered locally or systemically. Some studies follow cell engraftment with interventions to enhance cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into mature muscle fibers. Recently, several advances in xenografting human-derived muscle cells have been applied to study and treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Here, we review the vast array of techniques available to aid researchers in designing future experiments aimed at creating robust muscle xenografts in rodent hosts.

骨骼肌的异种移植物用于研究肌肉修复和再生、肌肉营养不良的机制以及肌肉骨骼疾病的潜在细胞疗法。通常，异种移植涉及使用预先受伤的免疫缺陷宿主来为人类细胞移植创造一个利基。细胞类型和向肌肉递送的方法取决于具体应用，但可包括成肌细胞、卫星细胞、诱导多能干细胞、系膜细胞、永生化肌肉前体细胞和其他局部或全身递送的多能细胞系。一些研究通过干预来跟踪细胞植入，以增强细胞增殖、迁移和分化为成熟的肌肉纤维。最近，异种移植人源性肌肉细胞的一些进展已应用于研究和治疗杜氏肌营养不良症和面肩肱型肌营养不良症。在这里，我们回顾了大量可用于帮助研究人员设计旨在在啮齿动物宿主中创建健壮肌肉异种移植物的未来实验的技术。