Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli's eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli's eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.

中文翻译：

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西班牙东部的野生博内利老鹰（Aquila fasciata）作为耐药沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌的携带者。

反复发现野生鸟类参与环境中肠道细菌病原体的传播。这项研究的目的是确定西班牙东部野生博内利氏鹰雏鸟中沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌的发生以及抗菌素耐药性。此外，我们比较了两种采样方法（巢中的新鲜粪便样品和雏鸟的泄殖腔拭子）检测两种细菌的​​效率。总共分析了28个巢，其中有45个雏鸟。在巢中，沙门氏菌的发生率为61±9.2％，而弯曲杆菌的发生为11±5.8％（p <0.05）。在雏鸟中，沙门氏菌的发生率为36±7.1％，而弯曲杆菌的发生率为11±4.7％（p <0.05）。鉴定出八种沙门氏菌血清型，最常见的是肠炎沙门氏菌，鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，S.休斯顿和S. Cerro。仅鉴定出一种弯曲杆菌属（空肠弯曲杆菌）。关于抗菌素耐药性，分离出的沙门氏菌菌株对氨苄西林和替加环素最常见。但是，回收的唯一弯曲杆菌菌株具有多重耐药性。总而言之，这项研究表明，野生博内利的雏鹰比沙门氏菌更能携带沙门氏菌。沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均显示出抗药性。此外，巢中的粪便样本对于沙门氏菌检测最可靠，而雏鸟中的泄殖腔拭子对弯曲杆菌的检测最可靠。发现分离出的沙门氏菌菌株对氨苄西林和替加环素的耐药率最高。然而，回收的唯一弯曲杆菌菌株具有多重耐药性。总而言之，这项研究表明，野生博内利的雏鸟比沙门氏菌更能携带沙门氏菌。沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均显示出抗药性。此外，巢中的粪便样本对于沙门氏菌检测最可靠，而雏鸟中的泄殖腔拭子对弯曲杆菌的检测最可靠。发现分离出的沙门氏菌菌株对氨苄西林和替加环素的耐药率最高。然而，回收的唯一弯曲杆菌菌株具有多重耐药性。总而言之，这项研究表明，野生博内利的雏鹰比沙门氏菌更能携带沙门氏菌。沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均显示出抗药性。此外，巢中的粪便样本对于沙门氏菌检测最可靠，而雏鸟中的泄殖腔拭子对弯曲杆菌的检测最可靠。沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均显示出抗药性。此外，巢中的粪便样本对于沙门氏菌检测最可靠，而雏鸟中的泄殖腔拭子对弯曲杆菌的检测最可靠。沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌均显示出抗药性。此外，巢中的粪便样本对于沙门氏菌检测最可靠，而雏鸟中的泄殖腔拭子对弯曲杆菌的检测最可靠。