This study examines the adoption of latrines provided as part of reconstruction efforts after the 2004 tsunami in India. Primary data from 274 households encompassing 1154 individuals were collected from 14 villages. GLM and GLMM tests indicate that sex (more females adopted than males) is a statistically significant factor in latrine adoption (p = 0.046 and p = 0.005, respectively), while income, education, and male age cohorts were significant only in the GLM model. Regression analyses show that six social and demographic variables are somewhat predictive of latrine usage (R2 = 0.123). Thus, while quantitative methods provided a contextual summation, qualitative methods ultimately explained why individuals chose to adopt or abandon the latrines. Interviews (n = 76) and focus group discussions (n = 14) revealed that latrine adoption is influenced by cultural conceptualizations of purity, pollution, and space. For example, conceptualizations of purity and pollution led some households to deem latrines as profane and thus a barrier to the entry of gods, while spatial constraints forced others to convert latrine space to other beneficial uses (e.g., puja room and storage area). Finally, the cost of pumping septic tanks and shared infrastructure arose as barriers to latrine adoption. These barriers underscore the importance of economics as well as community demand, capacity, and cohesion in latrine adoption.

中文翻译：

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纯净、污染和空间：印度灾后采用厕所的障碍

本研究考察了采用厕所作为 2004 年印度海啸后重建工作的一部分。收集了来自 14 个村庄的 274 户家庭、1154 人的原始数据。GLM 和 GLMM 检验表明，性别（采用的女性多于男性）是厕所采用的统计显着因素（分别为 p = 0.046 和 p = 0.005），而收入、教育和男性年龄组仅在 GLM 模型中显着. 回归分析表明，六个社会和人口统计变量在一定程度上可以预测厕所的使用情况（R2 = 0.123）。因此，虽然定量方法提供了上下文总结，但定性方法最终解释了个人选择采用或放弃厕所的原因。访谈（n = 76）和焦点小组讨论（n = 14）表明，厕所的采用受到纯度、污染和空间等文化概念的影响。例如，纯净和污染的概念导致一些家庭认为厕所是亵渎的，因此是神灵进入的障碍，而空间限制迫使其他家庭将厕所空间转换为其他有益用途（例如，法会室和储藏室）。最后，抽化粪池和共享基础设施的成本成为厕所采用的障碍。这些障碍强调了经济学以及社区需求、容量和在采用厕所方面的凝聚力的重要性。纯净和污染的概念导致一些家庭认为厕所是亵渎的，因此是神灵进入的障碍，而空间限制迫使其他家庭将厕所空间转换为其他有益用途（例如，法会室和储藏室）。最后，抽化粪池和共享基础设施的成本成为厕所采用的障碍。这些障碍强调了经济学以及社区需求、容量和在采用厕所方面的凝聚力的重要性。纯净和污染的概念导致一些家庭认为厕所是亵渎的，因此是神灵进入的障碍，而空间限制迫使其他家庭将厕所空间转换为其他有益用途（例如，法会室和储藏室）。最后，抽化粪池和共享基础设施的成本成为厕所采用的障碍。这些障碍强调了经济学以及社区需求、容量和在采用厕所方面的凝聚力的重要性。