Highly conserved 2D receptor clusters (membrane rafts) of immunological signaling molecules with MHCI and MHCII antigens as their cores have been observed in the past on the surface of T- and B-cell lines of lymphoid origin, as well as on cells from patients with colon tumor and Crohn's disease. Conservativity is related to the ever presence of MHCI molecules. Although they are suspected to play a role in maintaining these clusters and facilitating transmembrane signaling, their exact role has been left largely enigmatic. Here we are suggesting stochastic resonance (SR), or "noise-assisted signal detection", as a general organizing principle for transmembrane signaling events evoked by processes like immune recognition and cytokine binding taking place in these clusters. In the conceptual framework of SR, in immune recognition as a prototype of transmembrane signaling, the sea of self-peptide-MHC complexes around a nonself-peptide presenting MHC is conceived as a source of quickly fluctuating unspecific signal ("athermal noise") serving the extra energy for amplifying the weak sub-threshold specific signal of the nonself-peptide presenting MHC. This same noise is also utilized for a readjustment of the threshold - and also the sensitivity and specificity - of detection by a closed loop feedback control of the TcR-CD8 (CD4) proximity on the detecting T-cell. The weak sub threshold specific signal of nonself-peptide presenting MHC is amplified by the superposing unspecific signals of the neighboring self peptide-MHC complexes towards the T-cell receptor as the detector. Because in a successful detection event both self- and nonself-peptides are detected simultaneously, the principle of coincidence (or lock-in) detection is also realized. The ever presence of MHC islands gets a natural explanation as a source of extra power - in a form of "athermal noise" - needed for coincidence detection and frequency encoding the evoked downstream signals. The effect is quite general, because the actual type of molecules surrounding a chief signaling molecule - like nonself-peptide holding MHC, interleukin-2 and -15 cytokine receptors (IL-2R/15R) - as the fluctuating interaction energy sources is immaterial. The model applies also for other types of signaling, such as those evoked by cytokine binding. The phenomenon of SR can also be interpreted as sampling of a low frequency, specific signal with a high frequency unspecific signal, the "noise". Recipes for identifying other forms of SR in membrane clusters with biophysical tools are recommended.

中文翻译：

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细胞表面MHC簇中的自适应阈值随机共振（AT-SR）。

过去曾在淋巴来源的T细胞和B细胞系的表面以及患有肝癌的患者的细胞表面观察到高度保守的2D受体簇（膜筏），其免疫信号分子以MHCI和MHCII抗原为核心。结肠肿瘤和克罗恩氏病。保守性与MHCI分子的存在有关。尽管怀疑它们在维持这些簇和促进跨膜信号传导中起着作用，但它们的确切作用在很大程度上一直是令人困惑的。在这里，我们建议随机共振（SR）或“噪声辅助信号检测”，作为在这些簇中发生的免疫识别和细胞因子结合等过程引起的跨膜信号事件的一般组织原理。在SR的概念框架中，在作为跨膜信号传导原型的免疫识别中，呈递MHC的非自肽周围的自肽MHC复合物海被认为是快速波动的非特异性信号（“非热噪声”）的来源，该信号为放大弱蛋白提供了额外的能量。非自身肽呈递MHC的亚阈值特定信号。通过对检测的T细胞上的TcR-CD8（CD4）接近度进行闭环反馈控制，该相同的噪声也可用于检测阈值以及灵敏度和特异性的重新调整。呈递MHC的非自身肽的弱亚阈值特异性信号通过相邻的自身肽-MHC复合物的非特异性信号向作为检测器的T细胞受体的叠加而被放大。因为在成功的检测事件中，同时检测了自身和非自身肽，所以也实现了重合（或锁定）检测原理。MHC岛的不断出现自然地解释了它是额外功率的一种来源，以“非热噪声”的形式出现，这是巧合检测和对下游信号进行频率编码所必需的。这种作用是相当普遍的，因为围绕主要信号分子的分子的实际类型（例如，具有MHC，白介素2和-15细胞因子受体（IL-2R / 15R）的非自身肽）作为波动的相互作用能量源是无关紧要的。该模型还适用于其他类型的信号传导，例如细胞因子结合引起的那些信号传导。SR现象也可以解释为低频采样，特定信号与高频非特定信号“噪声”。建议使用生物物理工具在膜簇中鉴定其他形式的SR的配方。