Aquaculture has been a growing sector of food production worldwide in the last decades, and now starts to include new, unconventional species from the Phylum Echinodermata, such as sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and sea cucumber (Holothuria tubulosa). However, little is known in this context with regard to food safety aspects arising from toxigenic fungi. In this study, samples of feed (n = 7) and water (n = 8) or water filters (n = 4) from experimental aquaculture systems, producing sea urchin and sea cucumber, were analyzed by culture-based microbiological methods to assess fungal associations. Additionally, a search using molecular techniques for toxigenic sections within the genus Aspergillus in these materials was done. Finally, samples were analyzed for 37 mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS. In feed samples, Fusarium verticillioides and F. culmorum were detected. In water and water filter samples, Aureobasidium spp., Penicillium spp., and Cladosporium spp. were found. No genes of species from toxigenic Aspergillus sections were detected. Some feed samples were contaminated by multiple mycotoxins, namely deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A (OTA), and mycophenolic acid (MPA). This is the first one study dealing with toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in echinoderm-producting aquaculture. Although no clear evidence for adverse effects on the production systems could be found, the confirmed environmental association of mycotoxins and echinoderms requires further consideration. Studies on the consequences of introducing cereal-based fungi and their mycotoxins via feeds into aquaculture systems for echinoderm production seem to be advisable, to assess possible adverse effects on production and to clarify the potential impact on public health.

中文翻译：

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棘皮动物水产养殖中的真菌多样性和真菌毒素分布。

在过去的几十年中，水产养殖已成为全球食品生产中一个增长的部门，现在开始包括来自海豚（Phylum Echinodermata）的新的非常规物种，例如海胆（Paracentrotus lividus）和海参（Holothuriatubulosa）。然而，关于产毒真菌引起的食品安全方面，在这方面知之甚少。在这项研究中， 通过基于养殖的微生物学方法对来自实验水产养殖系统，生产海胆和海参的饲料（n  = 7）和水（n  = 8）或水过滤器（n = 4）的样品进行了分析，以评估真菌协会。此外，使用分子技术对属内的产毒部位进行搜索在这些材料中完成了曲霉。最后，通过LC-MS / MS分析样品中的37种真菌毒素。在饲料样品中，检出了镰孢镰刀菌和鳞茎镰刀菌。在水和滤水器样品中，Aureobasidium spp 。，青霉属。和Cladosporium spp。被发现。没有产毒曲霉种的基因检测到断面。一些饲料样品受到多种霉菌毒素的污染，即脱氧雪腐烯醇（DON），玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN），伏马菌素（FBs），T-2毒素，曲霉毒素A（OTA）和麦考酚酸（MPA）。这是关于在棘皮动物生产的水产养殖中处理产毒真菌和霉菌毒素的第一个研究。尽管没有发现对生产系统产生不利影响的明确证据，但已确认的霉菌毒素和棘皮动物与环境的关联还需要进一步考虑。建议通过饲料将谷类真菌及其霉菌毒素通过饲料引入水产养殖系统以生产棘皮动物，以评估其对生产的不利影响并阐明对公共卫生的潜在影响。