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Hemorrhage Associated Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury.
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology ( IF 6.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-26 , DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09882-x
Xiaotang Ma 1 , Yiming Cheng 1 , Ricardo Garcia 1 , James Haorah 1
Affiliation  

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem for over 3.17 million people in the US, attracting increasing public attentions. Understanding the underlying mechanism of TBI is urgent for better diagnosis and treatment. Here, we examined the hypothesis that cerebral hemorrhagic coagulation and subsequent immune cells infiltration causes the progressive mechanisms of brain injury in moderate fluid percussion injury model. This represents a subdural hematoma and hemorrhagic head injury. We found increased hemorrhagic lesions and infarct volume in the injured brain with increment of pressure. The extent of hemorrhage was also validated by the bio-distribution of fluorescent tracer in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway after the injury. Bio-distribution of tracer was specifically diminished at the site of hemorrhage resulting from coagulation, which blocked the interstitial and CSF movement of the tracer. Increased expression of coagulation factor XII and necrotic cell death in and around the impact site confirmed the reason for this blockade. Different biomarkers, including immune cells accumulation and neuronal death showed that blood-brain barrier disruption played an important role for induction of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration around the impact site. Our results suggest that instant hemorrhagic injury resulting from rupturing the brain blood vessels intertwined with coagulation causes onsite perivascular inflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding of this sequential event should be valuable for development of therapeutic treatment in TBI.
Underlying mechanisms in moderate/severe blunt TBI: hemorrhage following cerebrovascular disruption results in coagulation, thrombotic necrosis, and acute immune cell infiltration.


中文翻译:

实验性颅脑外伤的神经炎症的出血相关机制。

颅脑外伤(TBI)是美国超过317万人的主要健康问题,引起了越来越多的公众关注。为了更好地诊断和治疗,了解TBI的潜在机制非常重要。在这里,我们检查了以下假设:在中度流体打击模型中,脑出血性凝血和随后的免疫细胞浸润导致脑损伤的进行性机制。这表示硬膜下血肿和出血性颅脑损伤。我们发现随着压力的增加,受伤的脑中出血性病变和梗死体积增加。出血程度也通过损伤后脑脊液(CSF)途径中荧光示踪剂的生物分布来验证。示踪剂的生物分布在凝血引起的出血部位特别减少,这阻止了示踪剂的间隙和CSF运动。撞击部位及其周围的凝血因子XII的表达增加和坏死细胞死亡,证实了这种封锁的原因。不同的生物标志物,包括免疫细胞蓄积和神经元死亡,表明血脑屏障的破坏在影响部位周围的神经炎症和神经变性的诱导中起着重要作用。我们的结果表明,由与凝结缠绕在一起的脑血管破裂引起的即时出血性损伤会引起现场血管周围炎症和神经变性。对该顺序事件的理解对于在TBI中发展治疗方法应该是有价值的。撞击部位及其周围的凝血因子XII的表达增加和坏死细胞死亡,证实了这种封锁的原因。包括免疫细胞积聚和神经元死亡在内的不同生物标志物表明,血脑屏障的破坏在影响部位周围的神经炎症和神经变性的诱导中起着重要作用。我们的结果表明,由与凝结缠绕在一起的脑血管破裂引起的即时出血性损伤会引起现场血管周围炎症和神经变性。对该顺序事件的理解对于在TBI中发展治疗方法应该是有价值的。撞击部位及其周围的凝血因子XII的表达增加和坏死细胞死亡,证实了这种封锁的原因。不同的生物标志物,包括免疫细胞蓄积和神经元死亡,表明血脑屏障的破坏在影响部位周围的神经炎症和神经变性的诱导中起着重要作用。我们的结果表明,由与凝结缠绕在一起的脑血管破裂引起的即时出血性损伤会引起现场血管周围炎症和神经变性。对该顺序事件的理解对于在TBI中发展治疗方法应该是有价值的。包括免疫细胞蓄积和神经元死亡在内的研究表明,血脑屏障的破坏在诱发撞击部位周围的神经炎症和神经变性方面起着重要作用。我们的结果表明,由与凝结缠绕在一起的脑血管破裂引起的即时出血性损伤会引起现场血管周围炎症和神经变性。对该顺序事件的理解对于在TBI中发展治疗方法应该是有价值的。包括免疫细胞蓄积和神经元死亡在内的研究表明,血脑屏障的破坏在诱发撞击部位周围的神经炎症和神经变性方面起着重要作用。我们的结果表明,由与凝结缠绕在一起的脑血管破裂引起的即时出血性损伤会引起现场血管周围炎症和神经变性。对该顺序事件的理解对于在TBI中发展治疗方法应该是有价值的。
中度/重度钝性TBI的基本机制:脑血管破裂后出血导致凝血,血栓性坏死和急性免疫细胞浸润。
更新日期:2019-11-26
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