The accessory protein Nef of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a primary determinant of viral pathogenesis. Nef is abundantly expressed during infection and reroutes a variety of cell surface proteins to disrupt host immunity and promote the viral replication cycle. Nef counteracts host defenses by sequestering and/or degrading its targets via the endocytic and secretory pathways. Nef does this by physically engaging a number of host trafficking proteins. Substantial progress has been achieved in identifying the targets of Nef, and a structural and mechanistic understanding of Nef's ability to command the protein trafficking machinery has recently started to coalesce. Comparative analysis of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef proteins in the context of recent structural advances sheds further light on both viral evolution and the mechanisms whereby trafficking is hijacked. This review describes how advances in cell and structural biology are uncovering in growing detail how Nef subverts the host immune system, facilitates virus release, and enhances viral infectivity.

中文翻译：

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HIV Nef蛋白如何劫持膜运输以促进感染。

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）的辅助蛋白Nef是病毒发病机理的主要决定因素。Nef在感染过程中大量表达，并重新引导各种细胞表面蛋白，从而破坏宿主免疫力并促进病毒复制周期。Nef通过内吞和分泌途径隔离和/或降解其靶标来对抗宿主防御。Nef通过物理参与多种宿主运输蛋白来达到这一目的。在确定Nef的靶标方面已取得了实质性进展，并且对Nef指挥蛋白质贩运机制的能力的结构和机械理解最近已开始融合。对HIV和猿猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）Nef蛋白的最新分析在最近的结构进展中进行了比较分析，这进一步阐明了病毒的进化以及贩运被劫持的机制。这篇评论描述了细胞和结构生物学的进展如何越来越详细地揭示，Nef如何颠覆宿主免疫系统，促进病毒释放和增强病毒感染性。