Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

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用于在肌肉骨骼系统中创建替代结构的先进生物相容性和仿生材料概述：重点关注软骨组织工程。

组织工程作为一种跨学科方法，正在寻求为临床应用创造具有最佳性能的组织。各种因素，包括细胞、生物材料、细胞或组织培养条件以及生长因子等信号分子，在组织工程中发挥着至关重要的作用。细胞体内微环境对细胞施加复杂而特异的刺激，直接影响细胞行为，包括增殖、分化和细胞外基质（ECM）组装。因此，为了创造合适的组织，应该很好地模仿细胞周围的自然环境条件。因此，研究人员正在尝试开发能够产生适当细胞反应的仿生支架。为了实现这一目标，我们需要对仿生材料有足够的了解。肌肉骨骼组织工程中由生物材料制成的支架也应该是多功能的，以便能够在机械性能、细胞信号传导和细胞粘附方面发挥更好的作用。采用不同生物材料的多种组合来改善各种生物材料的上述性能，并在培养基中更好地模仿肌肉骨骼组织的自然特征。这些改进最终导致在肌肉骨骼系统中创建替代结构，这些结构在外观和功能方面更接近天然组织。本综述文章的重点是用于肌肉骨骼组织工程，特别是软骨组织工程的生物相容性和仿生材料。