Neural responses to sudden changes can be observed in many parts of the sensory pathways at different organizational levels. For example, deviants that violate regularity at various levels of abstraction can be observed as simple On/Off responses of individual neurons or as cumulative responses of neural populations. The cortical deviance-related responses supporting different functionalities (e.g., gap detection, chunking, etc.) seem unlikely to arise from different function-specific neural circuits, given the relatively uniform and self-similar wiring patterns across cortical areas and spatial scales. Additionally, reciprocal wiring patterns (with heterogeneous combinations of excitatory and inhibitory connections) in the cortex naturally speak in favor of a generic deviance detection principle. Based on this concept, we propose a network model consisting of reciprocally coupled neural masses as a blueprint of a universal change detector. Simulation examples reproduce properties of cortical deviance-related responses including the On/Off responses, the omitted-stimulus response (OSR), and the mismatch negativity (MMN). We propose that the emergence of change detectors relies on the involvement of disinhibition. An analysis of network connection settings further suggests a supportive effect of synaptic adaptation and a destructive effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-r) antagonists on change detection. We conclude that the nature of cortical reciprocal wiring gives rise to a whole range of local change detectors supporting the notion of a generic deviance detection principle. Several testable predictions are provided based on the network model. Notably, we predict that the NMDA-r antagonists would generally dampen the cortical Off response, the cortical OSR, and the MMN.

中文翻译：

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皮层开/关响应，遗漏响应和失配负性的通用偏差检测原理。

在不同组织水平的感觉途径的许多部分都可以观察到对突然变化的神经反应。例如，在各种抽象级别上违反规律性的偏差可以被观察为单个神经元的简单开/关响应或神经群体的累积响应。考虑到皮质区域和空间尺度上相对一致和自相似的布线方式，支持不同功能（例如，间隙检测，分块等）的皮质异常相关响应似乎不太可能来自不同功能的神经回路。此外，皮层中的相互布线模式（具有兴奋性和抑制性连接的不同组合）自然会说服一般的偏差检测原理。基于这个概念，我们提出了一个由相互耦合的神经质量组成的网络模型，作为通用变化检测器的蓝图。仿真示例重现了皮质异常相关响应的属性，包括开/关响应，遗漏刺激响应（OSR）和失配负性（MMN）。我们建议变化检测器的出现依赖于抑制作用的参与。网络连接设置的分析进一步表明，突触适应的支持作用和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体（NMDA-r）拮抗剂对变化检测的破坏作用。我们得出的结论是，皮质往复布线的性质引起了支持通用偏差检测原理概念的整个局部变化检测器。基于网络模型提供了一些可测试的预测。值得注意的是