Dendritic cells (DCs) are major regulators of adaptive immunity, as they are not only capable to induce efficient immune responses, but are also crucial to maintain peripheral tolerance and thereby inhibit autoimmune reactions. DCs bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system by presenting peptides of self and foreign antigens as peptide MHC complexes to T cells. These properties render DCs as interesting target cells for immunomodulatory therapies in cancer, but also autoimmune diseases. Several subsets of DCs with special properties and functions have been described. Recent achievements in understanding transcriptional programs on single cell level, together with the generation of new murine models targeting specific DC subsets, advanced our current understanding of DC development and function. Thus, DCs arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow with distinct progenitor cell populations splitting the monocyte populations and macrophage populations from the DC lineage, which upon lineage commitment can be separated into conventional cDC1, cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). The DC populations harbor intrinsic programs enabling them to react for specific pathogens in dependency on the DC subset, and thereby orchestrate T cell immune responses. Similarities, but also varieties, between human and murine DC subpopulations are challenging, and will require further investigation of human specimens under consideration of the influence of the tissue micromilieu and DC subset localization in the future.

中文翻译：

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树突状细胞发育和功能的转录控制。

树突状细胞（DC）是适应性免疫的主要调节剂，因为它们不仅能够诱导有效的免疫反应，而且对于维持外周耐受并从而抑制自身免疫反应也至关重要。DC通过将自身和外来抗原的肽作为肽MHC复合物呈递给T细胞来桥接先天性和适应性免疫系统。这些特性使DCs成为癌症以及自身免疫性疾病中免疫调节疗法的重要靶细胞。已经描述了具有特殊属性和功能的DC的几个子集。在了解单细胞水平上的转录程序方面的最新成就，以及针对特定DC子集的新型鼠模型的产生，进一步提高了我们目前对DC发育和功能的理解。从而，DCs来自骨髓中的前体细胞，具有独特的祖细胞群体，从DC谱系中分离出单核细胞群体和巨噬细胞群体，根据谱系承诺可以将其分为常规的cDC1，cDC2和浆细胞样DC（pDC）。DC种群具有内在程序，使它们能够依赖于DC子集对特定病原体做出反应，从而协调T细胞免疫反应。人类和鼠类DC亚群之间的相似性和多样性是具有挑战性的，并且在将来考虑组织微环境和DC子集定位的影响下，将需要对人类标本进行进一步研究。根据血统承诺可以将其分为常规的cDC1，cDC2和浆细胞样DC（pDC）。DC种群具有内在程序，使它们能够依赖于DC子集对特定病原体做出反应，从而协调T细胞免疫反应。人类和鼠类DC亚群之间的相似性和多样性是具有挑战性的，并且在将来考虑组织微环境和DC子集定位的影响下，将需要对人类标本进行进一步研究。根据血统承诺可以将其分为常规的cDC1，cDC2和浆细胞样DC（pDC）。DC种群具有内在程序，使它们能够依赖于DC子集对特定病原体做出反应，从而协调T细胞免疫反应。人类和鼠类DC亚群之间的相似性和多样性是具有挑战性的，并且在将来考虑组织微环境和DC子集定位的影响下，将需要对人类标本进行进一步研究。