BACKGROUND In the postnatal period, some sexual dimorphism is observed from the moment of birth, but it is most pronounced from puberty. The aim of the study based on CT images was to assess possible sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus in children aged 0-18. METHODS The retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0-18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxilla retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0-18 (85 females and 85 males) was performed. The maxillary sinuses of every patient were bilaterally measured in three planes. Three diameters were obtained: maximum transverse (horizontal) diameter (the maxillary sinus width, MSW); maximum vertical diameter (the maxillary sinus height, MSH) and maximum antero-posterior diameter (maxillary sinus length, MSL). The automatic CT image segmentation algorithm was used (Syngo Via for Oncology, Siemens) to establish maxillary sinus volume (MSV). The coefficient of variation used in the study allowed the biological variation between sexes to be observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The sexual dimorphism of maxillary sinus parameters is variable and depends on the phase of ontogenesis. All investigated parameters of maxillary sinuses are larger in males at 2-3 years (except for the length, which is larger in females by the end of three years, between six and nine years and after 15 years). The sexual dimorphism is less evident during the first year of age, and the most evident between 15 and 16 years. During the first two years, females are dominant with all parameters being larger than in males. The maxillary sinus length is developmentally the most stable parameter of maxillary sinuses, because throughout the investigated ontogenesis, the sexual differences are very similar. The most evident sexual dimorphism is observed in the volume of the maxillary sinus.

中文翻译：

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儿童和青少年上颌窦的性二态性-一项回顾性CT研究。

背景技术在出生后的阶段，从出生的那一刻起就观察到一些性二态性，但是从青春期开始最为明显。根据CT图像进行研究的目的是评估0-18岁儿童上颌窦的可能性二态性。方法回顾性分析170例0-18岁（女性85例，男性85例）患者头部的CT图像（经放射科医师评估为正常）。每位患者的上颌窦均在三个平面上进行双侧测量。获得三个直径：最大横向（水平）直径（上颌窦宽度，MSW）；最大垂直直径（上颌窦高度，MSH）和最大前后径（上颌窦长度，MSL）。使用了自动CT图像分割算法（Syngo Via for Oncology，西门子建立了170例0-18岁（85位女性和85位男性）患者的头部（经放射医师评估为正常）的CT图像的上颌骨回顾性分析。每位患者的上颌窦均在三个平面上进行双侧测量。获得三个直径：最大横向（水平）直径（上颌窦宽度，MSW）；最大垂直直径（上颌窦高度，MSH）和最大前后骨径（上颌窦长度，MSL）。使用自动CT图像分割算法（Syngo Via for Oncology，西门子）建立上颌窦体积（MSV）。研究中使用的变异系数可以观察到性别之间的生物学差异。结果与结论上颌窦参数的性二态性是可变的，并且取决于本体形成的阶段。所有调查的上颌窦参数在2-3岁时男性都较大（除了长度，在3年末，6至9岁之间和15岁之后女性最大）。性二态性在第一岁时不太明显，在15至16岁之间最为明显。在头两年中，女性占主导地位，所有参数均大于男性。上颌窦长度在发育上是上颌窦最稳定的参数，因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。所有调查的上颌窦参数在2-3岁时男性都较大（除了长度，在3年末，6至9岁之间以及15岁之后女性的长度更大）。性二态性在第一岁时不太明显，在15至16岁之间最为明显。在头两年中，女性占主导地位，所有参数均大于男性。上颌窦长度在发育上是上颌窦的最稳定参数，因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。所有调查的上颌窦参数在2-3岁时男性都较大（除了长度，在3年末，6至9岁之间和15岁之后女性最大）。性二态性在第一岁时不太明显，在15至16岁之间最为明显。在头两年中，女性占主导地位，所有参数均大于男性。上颌窦长度在发育上是上颌窦的最稳定参数，因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。在六至九年之间以及15年之后）。性二态性在第一岁时不太明显，在15至16岁之间最为明显。在头两年中，女性占主导地位，所有参数均大于男性。上颌窦长度在发育上是上颌窦的最稳定参数，因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。在六至九年之间以及15年之后）。性二态性在第一岁时不太明显，在15至16岁之间最为明显。在头两年中，女性占主导地位，所有参数均大于男性。上颌窦长度在发育上是上颌窦最稳定的参数，因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。因为在整个调查的本体发育过程中，性别差异非常相似。在上颌窦的体积中观察到最明显的性二态性。