The excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance controls the synaptic inputs to prevent the inappropriate responses of neurons to input strength, and is required to restore the initial pattern of network activity. Various neurotransmitters affect synaptic plasticity within neural networks via the modulation of neuronal E/I balance in the developing and adult brain. Less is known about the role of E/I balance in the control of the development of the neural stem and progenitor cells in the course of neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Recent findings suggest that neural stem and progenitor cells appear to be the target for the action of GABA within the neurogenic or oligovascular niches. The same might be true for the role of neuropeptides (i.e. oxytocin) in neurogenic niches. This review covers current understanding of the role of E/I balance in the regulation of neuroplasticity associated with social behavior in normal brain, and in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are required to decipher the GABA-mediated regulation of postnatal neurogenesis and synaptic integration of newly-born neurons as a potential target for the treatment of brain diseases.

中文翻译：

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神经发育和神经退行性疾病中的兴奋/抑制失衡和神经发生受损

激发/抑制 (E/I) 平衡控制突触输入以防止神经元对输入强度的不适当反应，并且是恢复网络活动的初始模式所必需的。各种神经递质通过调节发育中和成人大脑中的神经元 E/I 平衡来影响神经网络内的突触可塑性。关于 E/I 平衡在控制神经发生和胶质发生过程中神经干细胞和祖细胞发育中的作用知之甚少。最近的研究结果表明，神经干细胞和祖细胞似乎是 GABA 在神经源性或少血管生态位中作用的目标。神经肽（即催产素）在神经源性生态位中的作用可能也是如此。这篇综述涵盖了目前对 E/I 平衡在调节与正常大脑中的社会行为以及神经发育和神经退行性疾病相关的神经可塑性中的作用的理解。需要进一步的研究来破译 GABA 介导的对出生后神经发生和新生神经元突触整合的调节作为治疗脑疾病的潜在靶点。