Objective: A healthy diet during pregnancy is essential to ensure optimal fetal growth and development. Women’s awareness of dietary guidelines may assist them in following a healthy diet for themselves and their unborn babies. The Institute of Medicine and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology have published recommendations concerning the nutrition of pregnant/nursing women. The Israeli Ministry of Health has adopted these recommendations in revised guidelines published in 2015. The aim of this study was to describe the dietary habits among pregnant/nursing women in Israel and to assess the correlation between socioeconomic parameters and adherence to those guidelines. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey by interviewing pregnant/lactating women attending family health centers (FHC) in different areas of Tel Aviv, Israel. Results: One-half of the 239 recruited women reported having been informed of the guidelines for dietary changes during and after pregnancy, 30% by a professional source. Women in a lower socioeconomic status (SES) consumed more undercooked (rare) beef, raw fish, and caffeine compared to women in a higher SES (P = 0.03 and P = 0.003, respectively). The former was less compliant with the recommendation for folic acid supplementation (155 [(88.1]) vs 47 [(77]), P = 0.05) and less likely to use other dietary supplements during pregnancy, e.g., multivitamins and omega 3, than the latter (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: This survey revealed deficiencies in adherence to the implementation of medical guidelines to nutrition during and after pregnancy, as well as gaps between women of different SESs, mostly in the use of dietary supplements.

中文翻译：

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妊娠期妇女的营养和补充剂的使用：一项横断面调查

目的：怀孕期间的健康饮食对于确保胎儿的最佳生长发育至关重要。妇女对饮食指南的认识可能有助于她们为自己和未出生的婴儿遵循健康的饮食习惯。医学研究所和美国妇产科学院已经发布了有关孕妇/哺乳期妇女营养的建议。以色列卫生部在 2015 年发布的修订指南中采纳了这些建议。本研究的目的是描述以色列孕妇/哺乳期妇女的饮食习惯，并评估社会经济参数与这些指南的遵守情况之间的相关性。方法：我们通过采访以色列特拉维夫不同地区家庭健康中心 (FHC) 的孕妇/哺乳期妇女进行了横断面调查。结果：在 239 名招募的女性中，有一半报告称已被告知怀孕期间和之后的饮食变化指南，其中 30% 是由专业人士告知的。与处于较高社会经济地位 (SES) 的女性相比，处于较低社会经济地位 (SES) 的女性食用更多未煮熟的（稀有）牛肉、生鱼和咖啡因（分别为 P = 0.03 和 P = 0.003）。前者不太符合补充叶酸的建议（155 [(88.1]) vs 47 [(77])，P = 0.05），并且在怀孕期间不太可能使用其他膳食补充剂，例如复合维生素和欧米茄 3，而不是后者（分别为 P = 0.01 和 P < 0.001）。结论：本次调查揭示了在执行孕期和孕后营养医学指南方面存在的不足，以及不同社会经济地位的女性之间的差距，