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Optimal Design of Cluster- and Multisite-Randomized Studies Using Fallible Outcome Measures.
Evaluation Review ( IF 2.121 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-01 , DOI: 10.1177/0193841x19870878
Kyle Cox 1 , Benjamin Kelcey 1
Affiliation  

Background: Evaluation studies frequently draw on fallible outcomes that contain significant measurement error. Ignoring outcome measurement error in the planning stages can undermine the sufficiency and efficiency of an otherwise well-designed study and can further constrain the evidence studies bring to bear on the effectiveness of programs. Objectives: We develop simple formulas to adjust statistical power, minimum detectable effect (MDE), and optimal sample allocation formulas for two-level cluster- and multisite-randomized designs when the outcome is subject to measurement error. Results: The resulting adjusted formulas suggest that outcome measurement error typically amplifies treatment effect uncertainty, reduces power, increases the MDE, and undermines the efficiency of conventional optimal sampling schemes. Therefore, achieving adequate power for a given effect size will typically demand increased sample sizes when considering fallible outcomes, while maintaining design efficiency will require increasing portions of a budget be applied toward sampling a larger number of individuals within clusters. We illustrate evaluation planning with the new formulas while comparing them to conventional formulas using hypothetical examples based on recent empirical studies. To encourage adoption of the new formulas, we implement them in the R package PowerUpR and in the PowerUp software.

中文翻译:

使用易失结果指标对聚类和多站点随机化研究进行优化设计。

背景:评估研究经常利用容易出错的结果,这些结果包含重大的测量误差。在计划阶段忽略结果测量错误可能会破坏本来精心设计的研究的充分性和效率,并可能进一步限制研究为计划有效性带来的证据。目标:当结果易受测量误差影响时,我们为两级聚类和多站点随机设计开发简单的公式,以调整统计功效,最小可检测效应(MDE)和最佳样本分配公式。结果:得到的调整后公式表明,结果测量误差通常会放大治疗效果的不确定性,降低功率,增加MDE并破坏传统最佳采样方案的效率。因此,考虑到容易出错的结果时,要达到给定效果大小所需的足够能力,通常需要增加样本数量,而要保持设计效率,就需要将预算的增加部分用于对集群中的更多个体进行采样。我们使用新公式说明评估计划,同时使用基于最新经验研究的假设示例将它们与常规公式进行比较。为鼓励采用新公式,我们在R包PowerUpR和PowerUp软件中实施它们。我们使用新公式说明评估计划,同时使用基于最新经验研究的假设示例将它们与常规公式进行比较。为鼓励采用新公式,我们在R包PowerUpR和PowerUp软件中实施它们。我们使用新公式说明评估计划,同时使用基于最新经验研究的假设示例将它们与常规公式进行比较。为鼓励采用新公式,我们在R包PowerUpR和PowerUp软件中实施它们。
更新日期:2019-06-01
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