All types of cellular RNAs are post-transcriptionally modified, constituting the so called 'epitranscriptome'. In particular, tRNAs and their anticodon stem loops represent major modification hotspots. The attachment of small chemical groups at the heart of the ribosomal decoding machinery can directly affect translational rates, reading frame maintenance, co-translational folding dynamics and overall proteome stability. The variety of tRNA modification patterns is driven by the activity of specialized tRNA modifiers and large modification complexes. Notably, the absence or dysfunction of these cellular machines is correlated with several human pathophysiologies. In this review, we aim to highlight the most recent scientific progress and summarize currently available structural information of the most prominent eukaryotic tRNA modifiers.

中文翻译：

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收费代码-tRNA修饰复合物。

所有类型的细胞RNA都经过转录后修饰，构成了所谓的“上皮转录组”。特别是，tRNA及其反密码子茎环代表了主要的修饰热点。小化学基团在核糖体解码机器的核心部位的附着会直接影响翻译速率，阅读框维护，共翻译折叠动力学和整体蛋白质组稳定性。特定的tRNA修饰子和大型修饰复合物的活性驱动着多种tRNA修饰模式。值得注意的是，这些细胞机器的缺乏或功能障碍与几种人类病理生理学有关。在这篇综述中，我们旨在突出最近的科学进展，并总结最突出的真核tRNA修饰子的当前可用结构信息。