Neuromodulation plays important and stage‐dependent roles in regulating locomotor central pattern (CPG) outputs during vertebrate motor system development. Dopamine, serotonin and nitric oxide are three neuromodulators that potently influence CPG outputs in the development of Xenopus frog tadpole locomotion. However, their roles switch from predominantly inhibitory early in development to mainly excitatory at later stages. In this review, we compare the stage‐dependent switching in neuromodulation in Xenopus with other vertebrate systems, notably the mouse and the zebrafish, and highlight features that appear to be phylogenetically conserved.

中文翻译：

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在脊椎动物运动中心模式发生器网络的神经调节中的发育阶段依赖性切换。

在脊椎动物运动系统发育过程中，神经调节在调节运动中枢模式（CPG）输出方面起着重要且依赖阶段的作用。多巴胺，5-羟色胺和一氧化氮是在爪蟾蛙运动中有效影响CPG输出的三种神经调节剂。但是，它们的作用从发育早期的主要抑制作用转变为后期的主要兴奋作用。在这篇综述中，我们比较了非洲爪蟾与其他脊椎动物系统（尤其是小鼠和斑马鱼）在神经调节中的阶段依赖性转换，并重点介绍了系统进化上保守的特征。