RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process of modifying genetic information on RNA molecules, which provides cells an additional level of gene expression regulation. Unlike mammals, in land plants, RNA editing converts C-to-U residues in organelles. However, its potential roles in response to different stressors (heat, salt, and so on) remains unclear. Grape is one of the most popular and economically important fruits in the world, and its production, like other crops, must deal with abiotic and biotic stresses, which cause reductions in yield and fruit quality. In our study, we tested the influence of the environmental factor temperature on RNA editing process in the whole mRNA from grape organelle. In total, we identified 122 and 627 RNA editing sites in chloroplast and mitochondria respectively with the average editing efficiency nearly ~ 60%. The analyses revealed that number of non-synonymous editing sites were higher than that of synonymous editing sites, and the amino acid substitution type tends to be hydrophobic. Additionally, the overall editing level decreased with the temperature rises, especially for several gene transcripts in chloroplast and mitochondria (matK, ndhB, etc.). We also found that the expression level of most PPR genes decreased with the temperature rises, which may contribute to the decline of RNA editing efficiency at high temperature. Our findings suggested that the RNA editing events were very sensitive to heat stress; the changes of amino acid in RNA editing genes may contribute to the stress adaption for grape.

中文翻译：

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通过RNA深度测序，RNA编辑对葡萄中温度的动态响应。

RNA编辑是修改RNA分子遗传信息的转录后过程，可为细胞提供更高水平的基因表达调控。与哺乳动物不同，在陆地植物中，RNA编辑可将细胞器中的C到U残基转化。但是，它对不同压力源（热，盐等）的潜在作用仍不清楚。葡萄是世界上最受欢迎的水果，在经济上也很重要，它的生产与其他农作物一样，必须应对非生物和生物胁迫，这会导致产量和水果品质下降。在我们的研究中，我们测试了环境因子温度对葡萄细胞器完整mRNA中RNA编辑过程的影响。总共，我们在叶绿体和线粒体中分别鉴定了122和627个RNA编辑位点，平均编辑效率接近60％。分析显示，非同义编辑位点的数目高于同义编辑位点的数目，并且氨基酸取代类型倾向于疏水。此外，总体编辑水平随着温度的升高而降低，尤其是叶绿体和线粒体中的一些基因转录本（matK，ndhB等）。我们还发现，大多数PPR基因的表达水平随温度升高而降低，这可能是导致高温下RNA编辑效率下降的原因。我们的发现表明，RNA编辑事件对热应激非常敏感。RNA编辑基因中氨基酸的变化可能有助于葡萄适应胁迫。