Land application of digestate from anaerobic digestion causes various gaseous emissions. A soil core incubation experiment was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the trade-offs of NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions from soils collected from vegetable, arable and orchard cropping systems. Digestate derived from liquid cattle manure was applied to the soil cores through the surface (SA) and incorporation application (IA) methods under three soil moisture conditions (40%, 60%, and 80% water-filled pore space, WFPS). Gaseous emissions from vegetable soil were significantly greater (P< .05) than those from soils under the other two cropping systems under similar conditions, particularly under a high moisture condition. The greenhouse gas emissions (GHG, in term of CO2-equivalents) of all soils increased with the increasing soil moisture contents, mainly due to rapidly increasing N2O emissions. Trade-offs in the emissions of these three gases were observed between SA and IA. As expected, SA was characterized by greater NH3 and CH4 but lower N2O emissions compared to IA. The increase in GHG under IA could be offset only somewhat by the reduced NH3 (and this reduced indirect N2O) and CH4 emissions under lower moisture conditions (<60% WFPS), which indicates a requirement for other strategies to control gaseous emissions from wet soils applied with digestate. In conclusion, an environmentally friendly strategy for digestate application should consider the soil moisture, types of soils and application methods, and all the presented suggestions need to be verified in the field in the future.Implications: This study shows that digestate incorporation can decrease NH3 but increase GHG emissions verse the surface application method, where the increased GHG could only be offset by the NH3 reductions at relatively dry soil condition, indicating an urgent requirement to mitigating GHG emissions under moist soil condition.

中文翻译：

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在蔬菜，小麦-玉米和苹果园种植系统下，将土壤气体排放物与消化液进行权衡：一项孵化研究。

厌氧消化物在土地上的应用会导致各种气体排放。在实验室中进行了土壤核心培养实验，以研究从蔬菜，耕地和果园种植系统收集的土壤中NH3，N2O和CH4排放的权衡取舍。在三种土壤湿度条件下（40％，60％和80％的充水孔隙空间WFPS），通过表面（SA）和掺入施用（IA）方法将源自液态牛粪的Digestate应用于土壤核心。在相似的条件下，特别是在高水分条件下，蔬菜土壤中的气体排放显着高于其他两种作物系统中的土壤排放（P <.05）。随着土壤水分含量的增加，所有土壤的温室气体排放量（GHG，以CO2当量计）都增加了，主要是由于N2O排放量迅速增加。在SA和IA之间观察到这三种气体的排放之间的权衡。不出所料，SA与IA相比，具有更多的NH3和CH4但具有更低的N2O排放。IA下温室气体的增加只能通过在较低水分条件下（<60％WFPS）下减少的NH3（和减少的间接N2O）和CH4排放来部分抵消，这表明需要其他策略来控制湿土壤中的气体排放应用与消化。总之，一种适用于环境的消化应用策略应考虑土壤水分，土壤类型和使用方法，所有提出的建议都需要在现场进行验证。