Nowadays, a growing body of evidence supports the view that plants offer an extraordinary opportunity to discover and develop new promising therapeutic strategies for many diseases, including cancer. Here we tested the anticancer action against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of extracts obtained from two plants harvested in Apulia, namely Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. B. oleracea was grown in biodynamical agriculture without any agrochemical input, instead C. maritimum was collected on Apulian coasts and is still commonly eaten in Apulia. HCC, one of the most frequent tumors worldwide, is estimated to become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western Countries by 2030. The approved synthetic drugs for the treatment of HCC are currently inadequate in terms of therapeutic results and tolerability. Hence, aim of the present study was to test the anticancer action against HCC of extracts obtained from Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. We preliminary prepared extracts from both plants using four solvents with different polarity: hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. Then, we tested the effect of the different fractions in inhibiting HCC cell growth. Finally, we characterized the mechanism of action of the most effective fraction. We found that ethyl acetate fractions from both plants were the most effective in inhibiting HCC growth. In particular, we demonstrated that these fractions effectively reduce HCC growth by exerting, on one hand, a cytostatic effect through their action on the cell cycle, and on the other hand by triggering apoptosis and necrosis. Our findings support the notion that ethyl acetate fractions from Apulian B. oleracea and C. maritimum can be in perspective considered as promising tools to expand the opportunities to identify new and not toxic anticancer therapeutic approaches for HCC. Further pharmacological investigations will shed light on how this could be effectively achieved. Graphical Abstract Experimental workflow for the detection of the ethyl acetate extract of Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. as an active fraction in inhibiting HCC cell growth Experimental workflow for the detection of the ethyl acetate extract of Brassica oleracea L. and Crithmum maritimum L. as an active fraction in inhibiting HCC cell growth

中文翻译：

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Apulian Brassica oleracea L. 和 Crithmum maritimum L. 的乙酸乙酯提取物对肝细胞癌生长的抑制作用。

如今，越来越多的证据支持这样一种观点，即植物提供了一个非凡的机会来发现和开发许多疾病（包括癌症）的新的有希望的治疗策略。在这里，我们测试了从阿普利亚收获的两种植物（即芸苔属 L. 和 Crithmum maritimum LB oleracea）中提取的抗肝细胞癌 (HCC) 的抗癌作用。海岸，在普利亚仍然很常见。HCC 是全球最常见的肿瘤之一，预计到 2030 年将成为西方国家癌症相关死亡的第三大原因。目前批准的用于治疗 HCC 的合成药物在治疗效果和耐受性方面都不足。因此，本研究的目的是测试从 Brassica oleracea L. 和 Crithmum maritimum L. 中提取的提取物对 HCC 的抗癌作用。我们使用四种不同极性的溶剂：己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇和乙醇，初步制备了两种植物的提取物。然后，我们测试了不同组分在抑制 HCC 细胞生长中的作用。最后，我们描述了最有效部分的作用机制。我们发现来自两种植物的乙酸乙酯组分在抑制 HCC 生长方面最有效。特别是，我们证明这些级分一方面通过它们对细胞周期的作用发挥细胞抑制作用，另一方面通过触发细胞凋亡和坏死，从而有效地减少 HCC 生长。我们的研究结果支持这样一个观点，即来自 Apulian B. oleracea 和 C. maritimum 的乙酸乙酯部分可以被视为有希望的工具，以扩大确定新的和无毒的 HCC 抗癌治疗方法的机会。进一步的药理学研究将阐明如何有效地实现这一目标。图形摘要 检测作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分的甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程 检测甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程. 作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分 maritimum 可以被认为是有前景的工具，可以扩大为 HCC 确定新的和无毒的抗癌治疗方法的机会。进一步的药理学研究将阐明如何有效地实现这一目标。图形摘要 检测作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分的甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程 检测甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程. 作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分 maritimum 可以被认为是有前景的工具，可以扩大为 HCC 确定新的和无毒的抗癌治疗方法的机会。进一步的药理学研究将阐明如何有效地实现这一目标。图形摘要 检测作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分的甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程 检测甘蓝和海胆的乙酸乙酯提取物的实验工作流程. 作为抑制 HCC 细胞生长的活性成分