Pesticides despite being agents that protect the plants and humans from noxious pests, are infamous for their potential to cause detrimental health issues in nontargeted species. In order to ascertain the latter, a set of experiments were conducted by exposing early chick embryos to a widely used combination insecticide (Ci, 50% chlorpyrifos and 5% cypermethrin). The results revealed a myriad of congenital defects pertaining to craniofacial development such as anophthalmia, microphthalmia, exencephaly as well as deformed beak and cranial structures. These teratological manifestations could be attributed to the Ci induced alteration in the titre of major regulators of neurulation and ossification. Therefore, the mRNA and/or the protein level expression pattern of genes which are reported to be involved in the craniofacial development were studied at selected time points of embryonic development. The analysis of the result showed that there have been significant alternations in the expression patterns of the signalling molecules such as SHH, WNTs, CDH1, CDH2, L1CAM, PAX6, HOX, PCNA, GLI3, BMP7, FGF8, GLIs, SOX9, RUNX2, DLX5, COL10A1, CASPASE3 etc. on embryonic days 2, 4 and/or 10. Concurrently, on day 10, whole-mount skeletal staining and biochemical estimation of hydroxyproline were carried out in the cranial tissues of the embryos. The overall result of the current study indicates that exposure to Ci during early development impede the crucial regulatory signals that orchestrate the morphogenesis of cranial neural crest cells thereby hindering the normal progression of neural tube and endochondral ossification which collectively lead to craniofacial dysmorphism in domestic chicks.

中文翻译：

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亚致死剂量的组合杀虫剂破坏了关键信号分子的表达模式，这些信号分子有助于家禽雏鸡颅面形成。

农药尽管是保护植物和人类免受有害害虫侵害的试剂，但因其在非目标物种中造成有害健康问题的潜力而臭名昭著。为了确定后者，通过将早期雏鸡胚胎暴露于广泛使用的组合杀虫剂（Ci，50％毒死rif和5％氯氰菊酯）中进行了一组实验。结果显示，与颅面发育有关的无数先天性缺陷，例如失语症，小眼症，脑电以及喙和颅骨结构变形。这些畸形表现可归因于Ci诱导的神经调节和骨化主要调节剂效价的改变。因此，在选定的胚胎发育时间点研究了据报道参与颅面发育的基因的mRNA和/或蛋白质水平表达模式。结果分析表明，SHH，WNT，CDH1，CDH2，L1CAM，PAX6，HOX，PCNA，GLI3，BMP7，FGF8，GLI，SOX9，RUNX2， DLX5，COL10A1，CASPASE3等在胚胎的第2、4和/或10天进行。同时，在第10天，在胚胎的颅骨组织中进行了全量骨架染色和羟脯氨酸的生化评估。