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Analysis of depth-sectioning STEM for thick samples and 3D imaging
Ultramicroscopy ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112831
Eric G T Bosch 1 , Ivan Lazić 1
Affiliation  

We derive a model that describes 3D volume imaging in depth-sectioning STEM that is valid for all STEM techniques under three well-defined conditions: linearity, undisturbed probe and elastic scattering. The resulting undisturbed probe model generalizes the widely used idea that the undisturbed probe intensity in three dimensions can be used as the point spread function for depth-sectioning ADF-STEM to all STEM techniques including (A)BF- and iDPC-STEM. The model provides closed expressions for depth-sectioning STEM, which follow directly from the 2D expressions for thin samples, and thereby enables analysis of the 3D resolution. Using the model we explore the consequences of the resulting 3D contrast transfer function (CTF) for the z-resolution at different length scales and illustrate this with experiments. We investigate the validity and limitations of the model using multi-slice simulations showing that it is valid and quantitatively accurate for relatively thick amorphous samples but not for crystalline samples in zone-axis due to channeling. We compare depth-sectioning in iDPC- and ADF-STEM and show that iDPC-STEM can extract information from deeper into the sample, all the way till the bottom of the sample, thereby effectively allowing a thickness measurement. Also the difference in optimal focus conditions between iDPC- and ADF-STEM is explained. Finally, we propose practical criteria for deciding whether a sample is thin or thick.

中文翻译:

厚样品和 3D 成像的深度切片 STEM 分析

我们推导出一个模型,该模型描述了深度切片 STEM 中的 3D 体积成像,该模型适用于在三个明确定义的条件下的所有 STEM 技术:线性、未受干扰的探针和弹性散射。由此产生的未受干扰探针模型概括了广泛使用的想法,即三维中的未受干扰探针强度可以用作深度切片 ADF-STEM 到所有 STEM 技术(包括 (A)BF-和 iDPC-STEM)的点扩散函数。该模型为深度切片 STEM 提供了封闭表达式,它直接遵循薄样品的 2D 表达式,从而能够分析 3D 分辨率。使用该模型,我们探索了在不同长度尺度下对 z 分辨率产生的 3D 对比度传递函数 (CTF) 的影响,并通过实验说明了这一点。我们使用多切片模拟研究模型的有效性和局限性,表明它对于相对较厚的非晶样品有效且定量准确,但由于沟道效应而不适用于区域轴上的结晶样品。我们比较了 iDPC-STEM 和 ADF-STEM 中的深度切片,并表明 iDPC-STEM 可以从样品深处提取信息,一直到样品底部,从而有效地进行厚度测量。还解释了 iDPC-和 ADF-STEM 之间最佳聚焦条件的差异。最后,我们提出了决定样品是薄还是厚的实用标准。我们比较了 iDPC-STEM 和 ADF-STEM 中的深度切片,并表明 iDPC-STEM 可以从样品深处提取信息,一直到样品底部,从而有效地进行厚度测量。还解释了 iDPC-和 ADF-STEM 之间最佳聚焦条件的差异。最后,我们提出了决定样品是薄还是厚的实用标准。我们比较了 iDPC-STEM 和 ADF-STEM 中的深度切片,并表明 iDPC-STEM 可以从样品深处提取信息,一直到样品底部,从而有效地进行厚度测量。还解释了 iDPC-和 ADF-STEM 之间最佳聚焦条件的差异。最后,我们提出了决定样品是薄还是厚的实用标准。
更新日期:2019-12-01
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