The recognition-action theory of chess skill holds that expertise in chess is due primarily to the ability to recognize familiar patterns of pieces. Despite its widespread acclaim, empirical evidence for this theory is indirect. One source of indirect evidence is that there is a high correlation between speed chess and standard chess. Assuming that there is little or no time for calculation in speed chess, this high correlation implies that calculation is not the primary factor in standard chess. Two studies were conducted analyzing 100 games of speed chess. In Study 1, we examined the distributions of move times, and the key finding was that players often spent considerable time on a few moves. Moreover, stronger players were more likely than weaker players to do so. Study 2 examined skill differences in calculation by examining poor moves. The stronger players made proportionally fewer blunders (moves that a 2-ply search would have revealed to be errors). Overall, the poor moves made by the weaker players would have required a less extensive search to be revealed as poor moves than the poor moves made by the stronger players. Apparently, the stronger players are searching deeper and more accurately. These results are difficult to reconcile with the view that speed chess does not allow players time to calculate extensively and call into question the assertion that the high correlation between speed chess and standard chess supports recognition-action theory.

中文翻译：

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在国际象棋中有时间进行计算，并且随着专业技能的提高，计算精度也会提高。

国际象棋技巧的识别动作理论认为，国际象棋方面的专门知识主要是由于能够识别棋子的熟悉模式。尽管广受赞誉，但该理论的经验证据是间接的。间接证据的一个来源是，速度象棋和标准象棋之间有很高的相关性。假设在速度象棋中几乎没有时间进行计算，那么这种高度相关性意味着计算不是标准象棋中的主要因素。进行了两项研究，分析了100局速度棋。在研究1中，我们检查了移动时间的分布，主要发现是玩家经常在一些移动上花费大量时间。而且，强者比弱者更有可能这样做。研究2通过检查不良动作检查了计算中的技能差异。实力较强的球员犯下的失误成比例地减少（两层搜索会发现是错误的动作）。总体而言，较弱的玩家做出的不良举动需要比较强的玩家做出的较差举动进行更广泛的搜索才能显示为不良举动。显然，实力较强的参与者正在更深入，更准确地进行搜索。这些结果很难与速度棋不允许玩家有时间进行大量计算的观点相吻合，并且质疑速度棋与标准棋之间的高度相关性支持识别动作理论的说法。较弱的玩家做出的不良动作与较强的玩家做出的不良动作相比，需要的搜索范围更广，才能显示为较差的动作。显然，实力较强的参与者正在更深入，更准确地进行搜索。这些结果难以与速度棋不允许玩家有时间进行大量计算的观点相吻合，并且质疑速度棋与标准棋之间的高度相关性支持识别动作理论的说法。较弱的玩家做出的不良动作与较强的玩家做出的不良动作相比，需要的搜索范围更广，才能显示为较差的动作。显然，实力较强的参与者正在更深入，更准确地进行搜索。这些结果很难与速度棋不允许玩家有时间进行大量计算的观点相吻合，并且质疑速度棋与标准棋之间的高度相关性支持识别动作理论的说法。