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Instant messages vs. speech: hormones and why we still need to hear each other.
Evolution and Human Behavior ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2012-01-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.05.004
Leslie J Seltzer 1 , Ashley R Prososki , Toni E Ziegler , Seth D Pollak
Affiliation  

Human speech evidently conveys an adaptive advantage, given its apparently rapid dissemination through the ancient world and global use today. As such, speech must be capable of altering human biology in a positive way, possibly through those neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for strengthening the social bonds between individuals. Indeed, speech between trusted individuals is capable of reducing levels of salivary cortisol, often considered a biomarker of stress, and increasing levels of urinary oxytocin, a hormone involved in the formation and maintenance of positive relationships. It is not clear, however, whether it is the uniquely human grammar, syntax, content and/or choice of words that causes these physiological changes, or whether the prosodic elements of speech, which are present in the vocal cues of many other species, are responsible. In order to tease apart these elements of human communication, we examined the hormonal responses of female children who instant messaged their mothers after undergoing a stressor. We discovered that unlike children interacting with their mothers in person or over the phone, girls who instant messaged did not release oxytocin; instead, these participants showed levels of salivary cortisol as high as control subjects who did not interact with their parents at all. We conclude that the comforting sound of a familiar voice is responsible for the hormonal differences observed and, hence, that similar differences may be seen in other species using vocal cues to communicate.

中文翻译:

即时消息与语音:荷尔蒙以及为什么我们仍然需要互相倾听。

人类语言显然具有适应性优势,因为它在古代世界和今天的全球使用中明显迅速传播。因此,语音必须能够以积极的方式改变人类生物学,可能是通过那些负责加强个人之间社会联系的神经内分泌机制。事实上,受信任的人之间的谈话能够降低唾液皮质醇的水平,通常被认为是压力的生物标志物,并增加尿催产素的水平,这是一种参与形成和维持积极关系的激素。然而,尚不清楚是人类独有的语法、句法、内容和/或单词选择导致了这些生理变化,还是存在于许多其他物种的声音提示中的语音韵律元素,有责任。为了梳理人类交流的这些要素,我们检查了在承受压力后立即给母亲发信息的女童的荷尔蒙反应。我们发现,与孩子们亲自或通过电话与母亲互动不同,发送即时消息的女孩不会释放催产素;相反,这些参与者的唾液皮质醇水平与完全不与父母互动的对照组受试者一样高。我们得出结论,熟悉的声音的舒适声音是观察到的荷尔蒙差异的原因,因此,在其他使用声音提示进行交流的物种中可能会看到类似的差异。我们检查了在承受压力后立即给母亲发信息的女童的荷尔蒙反应。我们发现,与孩子们亲自或通过电话与母亲互动不同,发送即时消息的女孩不会释放催产素;相反,这些参与者的唾液皮质醇水平与完全不与父母互动的对照组受试者一样高。我们得出结论,熟悉的声音的安慰声音是观察到的荷尔蒙差异的原因,因此,在其他使用声音提示进行交流的物种中可能会看到类似的差异。我们检查了在承受压力后立即给母亲发信息的女童的荷尔蒙反应。我们发现,与孩子们亲自或通过电话与母亲互动不同,发送即时消息的女孩不会释放催产素;相反,这些参与者的唾液皮质醇水平与完全不与父母互动的对照组受试者一样高。我们得出结论,熟悉的声音的安慰声音是观察到的荷尔蒙差异的原因,因此,在其他使用声音提示进行交流的物种中可能会看到类似的差异。这些参与者的唾液皮质醇水平与完全不与父母互动的对照组受试者一样高。我们得出结论,熟悉的声音的舒适声音是观察到的荷尔蒙差异的原因,因此,在其他使用声音提示进行交流的物种中可能会看到类似的差异。这些参与者的唾液皮质醇水平与完全不与父母互动的对照组受试者一样高。我们得出结论,熟悉的声音的安慰声音是观察到的荷尔蒙差异的原因,因此,在其他使用声音提示进行交流的物种中可能会看到类似的差异。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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