Treatment of bone defects caused by trauma or disease is a major burden on human healthcare systems. Although autologous bone grafts are considered as the gold standard, they are limited in availability and are associated with post-operative complications. Minimally invasive alternatives using injectable bone cements are currently used in certain clinical procedures, such as vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty. Nevertheless, given the high incidence of fractures and pathologies that result in bone voids, there is an unmet need for injectable materials with desired properties for minimally invasive procedures. This paper provides an overview of the most common injectable bone cement materials for clinical use. The emphasis has been placed on calcium phosphate cements and acrylic bone cements, while enabling the readers to compare the opportunities and challenges for these two classes of bone cements. This paper also briefly reviews antibiotic-loaded bone cements used in bone repair and implant fixation, including their efficacy and cost for healthcare systems. A summary of the current challenges and recommendations for future directions has been brought in the concluding section of this paper.

中文翻译：

---

磷酸钙骨水泥和丙烯酸骨水泥作为骨修复和种植体固定可注射材料的综述

治疗由外伤或疾病引起的骨缺损是人类医疗保健系统的主要负担。尽管自体骨移植被认为是金标准，但它们的可用性有限并且与术后并发症有关。使用可注射骨水泥的微创替代方案目前用于某些临床手术，例如椎体成形术和球囊后凸成形术。然而，鉴于导致骨空隙的骨折和病理的高发生率，对于具有所需特性的可注射材料的需求未得到满足，以用于微创手术。本文概述了临床使用的最常见的可注射骨水泥材料。重点放在磷酸钙骨水泥和丙烯酸骨水泥上，同时使读者能够比较这两类骨水泥的机遇和挑战。本文还简要回顾了用于骨修复和种植体固定的载有抗生素的骨水泥，包括它们对医疗保健系统的功效和成本。本文的结论部分提供了当前挑战的摘要和对未来方向的建议。