Neurophysiological evidence is described showing that some neurons in the macaque inferior temporal visual cortex have responses that are invariant with respect to the position, size, view, and spatial frequency of faces and objects, and that these neurons show rapid processing and rapid learning. Critical band spatial frequency masking is shown to be a property of these face-selective neurons and of the human visual perception of faces. Which face or object is present is encoded using a distributed representation in which each neuron conveys independent information in its firing rate, with little information evident in the relative time of firing of different neurons. This ensemble encoding has the advantages of maximizing the information in the representation useful for discrimination between stimuli using a simple weighted sum of the neuronal firing by the receiving neurons, generalization, and graceful degradation. These invariant representations are ideally suited to provide the inputs to brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that learn the reinforcement associations of an individual's face, for then the learning, and the appropriate social and emotional responses generalize to other views of the same face. A theory is described of how such invariant representations may be produced by self-organizing learning in a hierarchically organized set of visual cortical areas with convergent connectivity. The theory utilizes either temporal or spatial continuity with an associative synaptic modification rule. Another population of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus encodes other aspects of faces such as face expression, eye-gaze, face view, and whether the head is moving. These neurons thus provide important additional inputs to parts of the brain such as the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala that are involved in social communication and emotional behaviour. Outputs of these systems reach the amygdala, in which face-selective neurons are found, and also the orbitofrontal cortex, in which some neurons are tuned to face identity and others to face expression. In humans, activation of the orbitofrontal cortex is found when a change of face expression acts as a social signal that behaviour should change; and damage to the human orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate cortex can impair face and voice expression identification, and also the reversal of emotional behaviour that normally occurs when reinforcers are reversed.

中文翻译：

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不同大脑区域的脸部处理以及关键频带遮罩。

描述了神经生理学证据，表明猕猴下颞叶视觉皮层中的某些神经元在面部和物体的位置，大小，视野和空间频率方面具有不变的响应，并且这些神经元显示出快速的处理能力和快速的学习能力。临界波段空间频率掩蔽显示为这些面部选择神经元和人类面部视觉感知的属性。使用分布式表示对存在的面部或对象进行编码，其中每个神经元以其放电速率传达独立的信息，而在不同神经元的相对放电时间中，几乎没有明显的信息。该合奏编码的优点在于，使用表示接收神经元的神经元放电的简单加权总和，泛化和适度退化来最大化表示中的信息，这些信息可用于区分刺激。这些不变表示形式非常适合为大脑区域（如额叶额叶皮层和杏仁核）提供输入，这些区域可学习人脸的强化关联，然后进行学习，并且适当的社交和情感反应可概括为同一张脸的其他视图。描述了一种理论，该理论描述了如何通过在具有收敛连接性的视觉皮质区域的分层组织集合中进行自组织学习来产生这种不变表示形式。该理论利用时间或空间连续性以及相关的突触修饰规则。颞上沟皮层中的另一组神经元对面部的其他方面进行编码，例如面部表情，视线，面部视图以及头部是否在移动。因此，这些神经元为大脑的某些部分（例如眶额叶皮层和杏仁核）提供了重要的额外输入，它们参与了社交交流和情感行为。这些系统的输出到达杏仁核（在其中找到面部选择性神经元），以及到达眶额皮层的区域（其中一些神经元被调整为面对身份，而其他神经元被调整为面对表情）。在人类中，当面部表情的改变成为行为应改变的社会信号时，就会激活眶额皮质。