Dendritic spines are the primary recipients of excitatory input in the central nervous system. They provide biochemical compartments that locally control the signaling mechanisms at individual synapses. Hippocampal spines show structural plasticity as the basis for the physiological changes in synaptic efficacy that underlie learning and memory. Spine structure is regulated by molecular mechanisms that are fine-tuned and adjusted according to developmental age, level and direction of synaptic activity, specific brain region, and exact behavioral or experimental conditions. Reciprocal changes between the structure and function of spines impact both local and global integration of signals within dendrites. Advances in imaging and computing technologies may provide the resources needed to reconstruct entire neural circuits. Key to this endeavor is having sufficient resolution to determine the extrinsic factors (such as perisynaptic astroglia) and the intrinsic factors (such as core subcellular organelles) that are required to build and maintain synapses.

中文翻译：

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平衡海马树突棘的结构和功能。

树突棘是中枢神经系统兴奋性输入的主要接收者。它们提供了局部控制单个突触信号机制的生化区室。海马棘显示结构可塑性，作为学习和记忆基础的突触功效生理变化的基础。脊柱结构由分子机制调节，这些机制根据发育年龄、突触活动的水平和方向、特定的大脑区域以及确切的行为或实验条件进行微调和调整。脊柱结构和功能之间的相互变化影响树突内信号的局部和全局整合。成像和计算技术的进步可能会提供重建整个神经回路所需的资源。