The interpretation of cerebral venous pathologies in paediatric practice is challenging as there are several normal anatomical variants, and the pathologies are diverse, involving the venous system through direct and indirect mechanisms. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of these entities, as their awareness can avoid potential diagnostic pitfalls. We also propose a practical classification system of paediatric cerebral venous pathologies, which will enable more accurate reporting of the neuroimaging findings, as relevant to the underlying pathogenesis of these conditions. The proposed classification system comprises of the following main groups: arterio-venous shunting-related disorders, primary venous malformations and veno-occlusive disorders. A multimodal imaging approach has been included in the relevant subsections, with a brief overview of the modality-specific pitfalls that can also limit interpretation of the neuroimaging. The article also summarises the current literature and international practices in terms of management options and outcomes in specific disease entities.

中文翻译：

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小儿神经放射学的静脉病理：从胎儿到青春期。

在儿科实践中，脑静脉病理学的解释具有挑战性，因为存在几种正常的解剖学变异，并且病理学是多种多样的，通过直接和间接机制涉及静脉系统。本文旨在对这些实体进行全面的综述，因为它们的意识可以避免潜在的诊断陷阱。我们还提出了一种实用的小儿脑静脉病理分类系统，它将使神经影像学发现的报告更为准确，这与这些疾病的潜在发病机理有关。拟议的分类系统主要包括以下几类：动静脉分流相关疾病，原发性静脉畸形和静脉闭塞性疾病。相关小节中已包含一种多模式成像方法，简要介绍了特定于模态的陷阱，这些陷阱也可能限制对神经成像的解释。本文还根据特定疾病实体的管理选择和结果总结了当前的文献和国际惯例。