All cellular organisms and many viruses rely on large, multi-subunit molecular machines, termed replisomes, to ensure that genetic material is accurately duplicated for transmission from one generation to the next. Replisome assembly is facilitated by dedicated initiator proteins, which serve to both recognize replication origins and recruit requisite replisomal components to the DNA in a cell-cycle coordinated manner. Exactly how imitators accomplish this task, and the extent to which initiator mechanisms are conserved among different organisms have remained outstanding issues. Recent structural and biochemical findings have revealed that all cellular initiators, as well as the initiators of certain classes of double-stranded DNA viruses, possess a common adenine nucleotide-binding fold belonging to the ATPases Associated with various cellular Activities (AAA+) family. This review focuses on how the AAA+ domain has been recruited and adapted to control the initiation of DNA replication, and how the use of this ATPase module underlies a common set of initiator assembly states and functions. How biochemical and structural properties correlate with initiator activity, and how species-specific modifications give rise to unique initiator functions, are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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AAA+ ATPases 启动 DNA 复制。

所有细胞生物和许多病毒都依赖于称为复制体的大型多亚基分子机器，以确保准确复制遗传物质，以便代代相传。专用起始蛋白促进了复制体组装，这些起始蛋白既可以识别复制起点，又可以以细胞周期协调的方式将必需的复制体成分募集到 DNA 中。模仿者究竟如何完成这项任务，以及发起者机制在不同生物之间的保守程度仍然是悬而未决的问题。最近的结构和生化发现表明，所有细胞启动子，以及某些类型的双链 DNA 病毒的启动子，具有共同的腺嘌呤核苷酸结合折叠，属于与各种细胞活动相关的 ATP 酶 (AAA+) 家族。本综述重点关注 AAA+ 域如何被招募和适应以控制 DNA 复制的启动，以及该 ATPase 模块的使用如何构成一组通用的启动器组装状态和功能的基础。还讨论了生化和结构特性如何与引发剂活性相关，以及物种特异性修饰如何产生独特的引发剂功能。