There have been many attempts to fully understand the mechanism of cancer behavior. Yet, how cancers develop and metastasize still remain elusive. Emerging concepts of cancer biology in recent years have focused on the communication of cancer with its microenvironment, since cancer cannot grow and live alone. Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, these intercellular communications between cancer and its microenvironment, including stromal cells or distant cells, can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and escape from immune surveillance. In this review, we summarized the role of proteins in the exosome as communicators between cancer and its microenvironment. Consequently, we present cancer specific exosome proteins and their unique roles in the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment. Clinically, these exosomes might provide useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.

中文翻译：

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通过蛋白质组学探索外泌体在癌症微环境中的关键传播者作用。

已经进行了许多尝试来充分理解癌症行为的机制。然而，癌症的发展和转移方式仍然难以捉摸。由于癌症无法生长和独自生活，因此近年来癌症生物学的新兴概念集中在癌症与微环境的交流上。癌症需要与其他细胞沟通才能生存，因此它们会分泌各种信使，包括含有许多蛋白质，miRNA，mRNA等的外泌体，以构建肿瘤微环境。此外，癌症与其微环境（包括基质细胞或远处细胞）之间的这些细胞间通讯可促进肿瘤的生长，转移并逃避免疫监视。在这篇综述中，我们总结了外泌体中蛋白质在癌症与其微环境之间的传播者的作用。因此，我们提出了癌症特异的外泌体蛋白及其在癌症与其微环境之间相互作用中的独特作用。在临床上，这些外泌体可能为癌症诊断提供有用的生物标记物，并为癌症治疗提供治疗工具。