Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that evolved to detect microbial infection. These receptors recognize conserved molecular products derived from different classes of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Following recognition of ligands TLRs initiate signaling events that result in acute innate responses. In addition, TLRs are responsible for initiation of adaptive immune responses against pathogen-derived antigens primarily through triggering dendritic cell activation. Control of adaptive immunity by TLRs is a complex phenomenon and much needs to be understood about how different TLRs tailor the outcome of adaptive immune responses to the advantage of the host. Although TLRs have evolved to induce protective immune responses, under some circumstances, activation of these receptors may lead to autoimmune diseases.

中文翻译：

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Toll样受体和获得性免疫。

Toll样受体是模式识别受体（PRR）的一个家族，已经进化为检测微生物感染。这些受体识别来自不同种类的微生物（包括革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌，真菌，原生动物和病毒）的保守分子产物。识别配体后，TLR启动信号传导事件，导致急性先天反应。此外，TLR主要通过触发树突状细胞激活来引发针对病原体抗原的适应性免疫反应。通过TLR控制适应性免疫是一个复杂的现象，关于不同的TLR如何根据宿主的优势调整适应性免疫反应的结果，需要多加理解。尽管TLR已进化为诱导保护性免疫反应，但在某些情况下，