Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was developed more than 30 years ago and has been the most paradigm-changing technique in cytogenetic research. FISH has been used to answer questions related to structure, mutation, and evolution of not only individual chromosomes but also entire genomes. FISH has served as an important tool for chromosome identification in many plant species. This review intends to summarize and discuss key technical development and applications of FISH in plants since 2006. The most significant recent advance of FISH is the development and application of probes based on synthetic oligonucleotides (oligos). Oligos specific to a repetitive DNA sequence, to a specific chromosomal region, or to an entire chromosome can be computationally identified, synthesized in parallel, and fluorescently labeled. Oligo probes designed from conserved DNA sequences from one species can be used among genetically related species, allowing comparative cytogenetic mapping of these species. The advances with synthetic oligo probes will significantly expand the applications of FISH especially in non-model plant species. Recent achievements and future applications of FISH and oligo-FISH are discussed.

中文翻译：

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植物中的荧光原位杂交：最新进展和未来应用。

荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）于30年前开发，已成为细胞遗传学研究中改变范式最多的技术。FISH已被用于回答与单个染色体以及整个基因组的结构，突变和进化有关的问题。FISH已成为许多植物物种中染色体鉴定的重要工具。这篇综述旨在总结和讨论自2006年以来FISH在植物中的关键技术开发和应用。FISH最近最重要的进展是基于合成寡核苷酸（寡核苷酸）的探针的开发和应用。对重复的DNA序列，特定的染色体区域或整个染色体特异的寡核苷酸可以通过计算鉴定，平行合成并进行荧光标记。从一种物种的保守DNA序列设计的寡核苷酸探针可用于与遗传相关的物种中，从而可以对这些物种进行比较的细胞遗传学定位。合成寡核苷酸探针的进展将大大扩展FISH的应用，尤其是在非模型植物物种中。讨论了FISH和oligo-FISH的最新成就和未来应用。