Eukaryotic cells are highly complex systems; however, they manage to attain this complexity with a surprisingly small number of protein products. This is due, in part, to the fact that the functions of the eukaryotic proteome can be modulated and controlled by a vast network of largely reversible post-translational modifications. Such modifications change the chemical nature of certain amino acid side chains and thereby can be used to modulate diverse protein functions such as enzyme activity and binding events. Here we review recent advances in the characterization of the native mechanisms by which cells utilize post-translational modifications to send biological signals as well as recent successes in engineering such systems. We highlight roles for protein disorder in signal propagation in these systems.

中文翻译：

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内在蛋白质失调和生物信号处理中的蛋白质修饰。

真核细胞是高度复杂的系统。然而，他们设法通过数量少得多的蛋白质产品来达到这种复杂性。这部分是由于这样的事实，即真核蛋白质组的功能可以通过很大程度上可逆的翻译后修饰的庞大网络来调节和控制。这样的修饰改变了某些氨基酸侧链的化学性质，因此可用于调节多种蛋白质功能，例如酶活性和结合事件。在这里，我们回顾了细胞利用翻译后修饰来发送生物信号的天然机制表征方面的最新进展，以及在工程化此类系统方面的最新成功。我们重点介绍了蛋白质紊乱在这些系统中信号传播中的作用。