Proteins that polymerize into cell-specific and dynamic scaffolding make up the cytoskeleton. This ubiquitous cellular structure is a core element of cellular development and function and is involved in cellular mechanics, signal transduction, and numerous biochemical processes. Molecular studies on structure and the associated mechanisms of proteins are rapidly developing. However, understanding function will be incomplete without adequate comprehension of the spatial and temporal distribution and function of cytoskeletal proteins. Therefore, unraveling the processes controlled by the cytoskeleton is far from complete. Problems associated with cytoskeletal function include the translation of external factors such as temperature, light, gravity, and pressure, and responses to ions, stress, and strain during cell development. Although we know that these and other parameters affect the cytoskeleton, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Nor do we understand whether the cytoskeleton functions as a transducer for other structures, or is itself the target of physiologic signals. The variability, resilience, organization, and response of the cytoskeleton make it difficult to determine the function of its elements. Can cell elongation depend on the cytoskeleton if it proceeds even after severely impeding either or both F-actin and microtubules? Are the perceived alterations in the structure of the cytoskeleton the result of reduced affinity for antibody or drugs that are used for its visualization rather than genuine changes in its structure? The cytoskeleton controls numerous events, including cell division, wall formation, spermatid development, pollen tube growth, signal transduction, and gravisensing. For each of these functions, there are exceptions that refute the accepted paradigm. For example, the involvement of microtubules in microfibril deposition in root hairs is questionable, because no apparent correlation exists between microtubule and microfibril orientation. Drugs presumed to target specific components of the cytoskeleton often affect other cytoskeletal elements as well. Therefore, understanding functions of the diverse cytoskeletal elements may be impossible unless we determine the interactions between them. The articles included in this special issue represent diverse yet complementary approaches to understanding the cytoskeleton. Klink and Wolniak describe the gene-specific block of translation by double-stranded RNA, a novel approach that can explain the role of regulatory components of the cytoskeleton and other proteins. Gloria Muday studies interactions between cytoskeletal proteins and the auxin transport pathway, one of the most intensely researched signaling mechanisms in plants. Her article exemplifies biochemical studies integrating nature, structure, distribution, and function of the putative auxin transport carrier. Zhang and Hasenstein Online publication 2 May 2001 *Corresponding author; e-mail: hasenstein@louisiana.edu J Plant Growth Regul (2000) 19:369–370 DOI: 10.1007/s003440000046

中文翻译：

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细胞骨架：问题、范式和前景

聚合成细胞特异性和动态支架的蛋白质构成细胞骨架。这种无处不在的细胞结构是细胞发育和功能的核心要素，涉及细胞力学、信号转导和众多生化过程。关于蛋白质结构和相关机制的分子研究正在迅速发展。然而，如果不充分理解细胞骨架蛋白的空间和时间分布和功能，理解功能将是不完整的。因此，解开由细胞骨架控制的过程还远未完成。与细胞骨架功能相关的问题包括温度、光、重力和压力等外部因素的转换，以及细胞发育过程中对离子、应力和应变的反应。虽然我们知道这些和其他参数会影响细胞骨架，但潜在的机制尚不清楚。我们也不明白细胞骨架是作为其他结构的传感器起作用，还是本身就是生理信号的目标。细胞骨架的可变性、弹性、组织和反应使其难以确定其元素的功能。如果即使在严重阻碍 F-肌动蛋白和微管中的一个或两个之后它仍然继续进行，细胞伸长是否取决于细胞骨架？细胞骨架结构的感知变化是否是抗体或用于其可视化的药物的亲和力降低的结果，而不是其结构的真正变化？细胞骨架控制着许多事件，包括细胞分裂、细胞壁形成、精子细胞发育、花粉管生长、信号转导和重力感应。对于这些函数中的每一个，都有反驳公认范式的例外。例如，微管在根毛中微纤维沉积中的参与是有问题的，因为微管和微纤维取向之间不存在明显的相关性。假定靶向细胞骨架特定成分的药物通常也会影响其他细胞骨架元素。因此，除非我们确定它们之间的相互作用，否则了解不同细胞骨架元素的功能可能是不可能的。本期特刊中的文章代表了理解细胞骨架的不同但互补的方法。Klink 和 Wolniak 描述了双链 RNA 的基因特异性翻译块，一种新方法，可以解释细胞骨架和其他蛋白质的调节成分的作用。Gloria Muday 研究细胞骨架蛋白与植物生长素转运途径之间的相互作用，植物中研究最深入的信号机制之一。她的文章举例说明了整合假定的生长素转运载体的性质、结构、分布和功能的生化研究。Zhang and Hasenstein Online 出版物 2001 年 5 月 2 日 *通讯作者；电子邮件：hasenstein@louisiana.edu J Plant Growth Regul (2000) 19:369–370 DOI: 10.1007/s003440000046 假定的生长素运输载体的结构、分布和功能。Zhang and Hasenstein Online 出版物 2001 年 5 月 2 日 *通讯作者；电子邮件：hasenstein@louisiana.edu J Plant Growth Regul (2000) 19:369–370 DOI: 10.1007/s003440000046 假定的生长素运输载体的结构、分布和功能。Zhang and Hasenstein Online 出版物 2001 年 5 月 2 日 *通讯作者；电子邮件：hasenstein@louisiana.edu J Plant Growth Regul (2000) 19:369–370 DOI: 10.1007/s003440000046