Implicit and explicit learning are sensitive to various degrees of complexity and abstractness, ranging from knowledge of first-order dependencies and specific surface structure to second-order dependencies and transfer. Three experiments addressed whether implicit learning is sensitive to this entire range of information or whether explicit knowledge becomes an important factor in cases of more complex learning. Experiment 1 used recognition and prediction to assess deliberate access to knowledge of letter patterns in an artificial grammar learning paradigm. Experiment 2 manipulated stimulus presentation and response in a sequence-based grammar learning paradigm. Learning can occur without awareness in cases of lesser complexity (such as learning first-order dependencies). However, more complex learning, such as that involved in learning second-order dependencies or in transfer to stimuli with the same underlying syntax but new surface features is linked to explicit knowledge. In contrast to Experiments 1 and 2 which assessed deliberate access to knowledge of the acquisition stimuli, Experiment 3 assessed deliberate access to knowledge of the transfer stimuli. Knowledge of initial trigrams in the transfer stimuli appears to play an important role in transfer. These findings are evaluated in terms of postulated implicit learning mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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人工语法学习中的迁移和复杂性

隐式和显式学习对不同程度的复杂性和抽象性敏感，范围从一阶依赖和特定表面结构的知识到二阶依赖和迁移。三个实验探讨了内隐学习是否对整个信息范围敏感，或者外显知识是否成为更复杂学习的重要因素。实验 1 使用识别和预测来评估人工语法学习范式中对字母模式知识的故意访问。实验 2 在基于序列的语法学习范式中操纵刺激呈现和反应。在复杂性较低的情况下（例如学习一阶依赖），学习可以在没有意识的情况下发生。然而，更复杂的学习，例如涉及学习二阶依赖关系或转移到具有相同底层语法但新表面特征与显性知识相关联的刺激。与评估有意获取获取刺激知识的实验 1 和实验 2 不同，实验 3 评估有意获取转移刺激知识。转移刺激中初始三元组的知识似乎在转移中起着重要作用。这些发现是根据假定的内隐学习机制进行评估的。实验 3 评估了对转移刺激知识的有意获取。转移刺激中初始三元组的知识似乎在转移中起着重要作用。这些发现是根据假定的内隐学习机制进行评估的。实验 3 评估了对转移刺激知识的有意获取。转移刺激中初始三元组的知识似乎在转移中起着重要作用。这些发现是根据假定的内隐学习机制进行评估的。