The endosymbiont Wolbachia is known for manipulating host reproduction in selfish ways. However, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been investigated in embryos. Here, we found that Wolbachia had no effect on the number of deposited eggs in Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) but caused two types of reproductive manipulation: killing uninfected female embryos via cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) and increasing the hatching ratio of infected female embryos. RNA sequencing analyses showed that 145 genes were differentially expressed between Wolbachia‐infected (WI) and Wolbachia‐uninfected (WU) embryos. Wolbachia infection down‐regulated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glutathione S‐transferase that could buffer oxidative stress. In addition, 1613 and 294 genes were identified as CI‐specific up‐/down‐regulated genes. Compared to WU and WI embryos, embryos of CI cross strongly expressed genes involved in transcription, translation, tissue morphogenesis, DNA damage and mRNA surveillance. In contrast, most of the genes associated with energy production and metabolism were down‐regulated in the CI embryos compared to the WU and WI embryos, which provides some clues as to the cause of death of CI embryos. These results identify several genes that could be candidates for explaining Wolbachia‐induced CI. Our data form a basis to help elucidate the molecular consequences of CI in embryos.

中文翻译：

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Tetranychus urticae胚胎的转录组揭示了Wolbachia诱导的细胞质不相容性的见解。

内共生菌Wolbachia以自私的方式操纵宿主繁殖而闻名。但是，尚未在胚胎中研究其分子机制。在这里，我们发现沃尔巴克氏菌对荨麻螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch）（Acari：Tetranychidae）中的卵数没有影响，但却引起了两种生殖操作：通过细胞质不相容性（CI）杀死未感染的雌性胚胎和增加被感染雌性的孵化率胚胎。RNA测序分析表明，在Wolbachia感染（WI）和Wolbachia未感染（WU）胚胎之间差异表达了145个基因。Wolbachia感染会下调谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的信使RNA（mRNA）表达，从而减轻氧化应激。另外，鉴定出1613和294个基因为CI特异性上调/下调基因。与WU和WI胚胎相比，CI的胚胎交叉表达的基因高强度参与转录，翻译，组织形态发生，DNA损伤和mRNA监测。相比之下，与WU和WI胚胎相比，CI胚胎中与能量产生和代谢相关的大多数基因均被下调，这为CI胚胎的死亡提供了一些线索。这些结果确定了几个可能是解释沃尔巴克氏菌诱导的CI的候选基因。我们的数据构成了有助于阐明CI在胚胎中的分子后果的基础。