Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting 1 in 800 births worldwide. Advancing technology, medical treatment, and social intervention have dramatically increased life expectancy, yet there are many etiologies of this disorder that are in need of further research. The advent of the ability to capture extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood from specific cell types allows for the investigation of novel intracellular processes. Exosomes are one type of EVs that have demonstrated great potential in uncovering new biomarkers of neurodegeneration and disease, and also that appear to be intricately involved in the transsynaptic spread of pathogenic factors underlying Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles, generated in endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and secreted by most cells in the body. Since exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication and genetic exchange, they have emerged as a major research focus and have revealed novel biological sequelae involved in conditions afflicting the DS population. This review summarizes current knowledge on exosome biology in individuals with DS, both early in life and in aging individuals. Collectively these studies have demonstrated that complex multicellular processes underlying DS etiologies may include abnormal formation and secretion of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes.

中文翻译：

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唐氏综合症的外泌体释放和货物。

唐氏综合症 (DS) 是一种多系统疾病，全世界每 800 个新生儿中就有一个受到影响。先进的技术、医疗和社会干预极大地延长了预期寿命，但这种疾病的许多病因需要进一步研究。从特定细胞类型捕获血液中细胞外囊泡 (EV) 的能力的出现允许研究新的细胞内过程。外泌体是一种 EV，在发现神经变性和疾病的新生物标志物方面显示出巨大潜力，而且似乎与阿尔茨海默病和其他神经系统疾病致病因子的跨突触传播密切相关。外泌体是纳米级的囊泡，在内体多泡体 (MVB) 中产生并由体内大多数细胞分泌。由于外泌体是细胞间通讯和基因交换的重要介质，它们已成为主要的研究重点，并揭示了影响 DS 人群的疾病的新型生物学后遗症。这篇综述总结了 DS 患者外泌体生物学的当前知识，包括生命早期和老年个体。总的来说，这些研究表明，DS 病因学背后的复杂多细胞过程可能包括细胞外囊泡（如外泌体）的异常形成和分泌。它们已成为主要的研究重点，并揭示了与影响 DS 人群的疾病有关的新型生物学后遗症。这篇综述总结了 DS 患者外泌体生物学的当前知识，包括生命早期和老年个体。总的来说，这些研究表明，DS 病因学背后的复杂多细胞过程可能包括细胞外囊泡（如外泌体）的异常形成和分泌。它们已成为一个主要的研究焦点，并揭示了与影响 DS 人群的疾病有关的新型生物学后遗症。这篇综述总结了 DS 患者外泌体生物学的当前知识，包括生命早期和老年个体。总的来说，这些研究表明，DS 病因学背后的复杂多细胞过程可能包括细胞外囊泡（如外泌体）的异常形成和分泌。