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Unusual developmental morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs in Utricularia dichotoma—leaf, shoot and root dynamics
Protoplasma ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01443-6
Markus S Reut 1 , Bartosz J Płachno 1
Affiliation  

The terrestrial carnivorous species Utricularia dichotoma is known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace of U. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.

中文翻译:

荨麻营养器官的异常发育形态和解剖学——叶、芽和根动态

陆生食肉物种 Utricularia dichotoma 以巨大的表型可塑性和不寻常的营养器官而闻名。我们对 22 个来源/种群的调查显示,在匍匐茎上长出一片叶子和两个囊状物后,在叶子的近轴处形成了一个芽,发育成具有多达七个器官的莲座丛。芽的前两个原基几乎长成所有可能的器官组合,但通常长成两个锚匍匐茎。这些模式通常不是特定于人群的。器官的互换性随着匍匐茎节器官的演替顺序的增加而增加。在波动的环境中,转换发展计划的高潜力可能会成功。在这方面,我们能够证明,当升高地下水位时,气囊是由锚定匍匐茎发育而成的。所有器官的解剖结构简单、缺缺且基本相同。它们显示出与许多水生植物的相似性,反映了植物对(暂时)淹没条件的适应。主成分分析用于动态形态学的背景下,以说明 U. dichotoma 形态空间中器官类型之间的相关性,揭示了典型叶和芽发育过程的器官特异性拼凑,而典型根则不太明显。我们应用的概念和方法可能有助于未来对豆科植物进化的研究,以及植物异常结构的发育形态和遗传学研究。在所有器官中都是空洞的,并且在很大程度上是同质的。它们显示出与许多水生植物的相似性,反映了植物对(暂时)淹没条件的适应。在动态形态学的背景下使用主成分分析来说明 U. dichotoma 形态空间中器官类型之间的相关性,揭示了典型叶和芽发育过程的器官特异性拼凑,而典型根则不太明显。我们应用的概念和方法可能有助于未来对豆科植物进化的研究,以及植物异常结构的发育形态和遗传学研究。在所有器官中都是空洞的,并且在很大程度上是同质的。它们显示出与许多水生植物的相似性,反映了植物对(暂时)淹没条件的适应。主成分分析用于动态形态学的背景下,以说明 U. dichotoma 形态空间中器官类型之间的相关性,揭示了典型叶和芽发育过程的器官特异性拼凑,而典型根则不太明显。我们应用的概念和方法可能有助于未来对豆科植物进化的研究,以及植物异常结构的发育形态和遗传学研究。主成分分析用于动态形态学的背景下,以说明 U. dichotoma 形态空间中器官类型之间的相关性,揭示了典型叶和芽发育过程的器官特异性拼凑,而典型根则不太明显。我们应用的概念和方法可能有助于未来对豆科植物进化的研究,以及植物异常结构的发育形态和遗传学研究。主成分分析用于动态形态学的背景下,以说明 U. dichotoma 形态空间中器官类型之间的相关性,揭示了典型叶和芽发育过程的器官特异性拼凑,而典型根则不太明显。我们应用的概念和方法可能有助于未来对豆科植物进化的研究,以及植物异常结构的发育形态和遗传学研究。
更新日期:2019-10-28
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