This article reports results from three experiments that investigate how a particular neuro-stimulation procedure is able, in certain circumstances, to selectively increase the face inversion effect by enhancing recognition for upright faces, and argues that these effects can be understood in terms of the McLaren-Kaye-Mackintosh (MKM) theory of stimulus representation. We demonstrate how a specific transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) methodology can improve performance in circumstances where error-based salience modulation is making face recognition harder. The 3 experiments used an old/new recognition task involving sets of normal versus Thatcherized faces. The main characteristic of Thatcherized faces is that the eyes and the mouth are upside down, thus emphasizing features that tend to be common to other Thatcherized faces and so leading to stronger generalization making recognition worse. Experiment 1 combined a behavioral and event-related potential study looking at the N170 peak component, which helped us to calibrate the set of face stimuli needed for subsequent experiments. In Experiment 2, we used our tDCS procedure (between-subjects and double-blind) in an attempt to reduce the negative effects induced by error-based modulation of salience on recognition of upright Thatcherized faces. Results largely confirmed our predictions. In addition, they showed a significant improvement on recognition performance for upright normal faces. Experiment 3 provides the first direct evidence in a single study that the same tDCS procedure is able to both enhance performance when normal faces are presented with Thatcherized faces, and to reduce performance when normal faces are presented with other normal faces (i.e., male vs. female faces). We interpret our results by analyzing how salience modulation influences generalization between similar categories of stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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tDCS对识别的影响取决于刺激的普遍性：神经刺激可以预测地增强或减少面部倒置的影响。

本文报告了三个实验的结果，这些实验研究了特定的神经刺激程序在某些情况下如何通过增强对直立面部的识别来选择性地增加面部反转的效果，并认为可以用迈凯轮理解这些效果。 -Kaye-Mackintosh（MKM）刺激表示理论。我们演示了特定的经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）方法如何在基于错误的显着性调制使人脸识别更加困难的情况下提高性能。这3个实验使用了旧的/新的识别任务，涉及到正常脸和撒切尔化脸的集合。撒切尔脸的主要特征是眼睛和嘴巴都朝上，因此强调了其他撒切尔化的面孔往往具有的特征，因此导致更强的泛化，使识别效果更差。实验1结合了一项与行为和事件相关的潜在研究，研究了N170的峰值成分，这有助于我们校准后续实验所需的面部刺激。在实验2中，我们使用了tDCS程序（对象之间和双盲），以尝试减少基于误差的显着性调制对突出的撒切尔化人脸识别所引起的负面影响。结果很大程度上证实了我们的预测。此外，他们在直立正常人脸的识别性能上显示出显着改善。实验3在单项研究中提供了第一个直接证据，即相同的tDCS程序既可以在将普通脸与撒切尔化脸一起呈现时提高性能，又可以在将正常脸与其他正常脸（即男性与男性）呈现时降低性能。女性面孔）。我们通过分析显着性调制如何影响相似类别的刺激之间的概括来解释我们的结果。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。