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The female reproductive unit of Ephedra (Gnetales): comparative morphology and evolutionary perspectives
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2010-08-25 , DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01066.x
Catarina Rydin 1 , Anbar Khodabandeh , Peter K Endress
Affiliation  

Morphological variation in Ephedra (Gnetales) is limited and confusing from an evolutionary perspective, with parallelisms and intraspecific variation. However, recent analyses of molecular data provide a phylogenetic framework for investigations of morphological traits, albeit with few informative characters in the investigated gene regions. We document morphological, anatomical and histological variation patterns in the female reproductive unit and test the hypothesis that some Early Cretaceous fossils, which share synapomorphies with Ephedra, are members of the extant clade. Results indicate that some morphological features are evolutionarily informative although intraspecific variation is evident. Histology and anatomy of cone bracts and seed envelopes show clade-specific variation patterns. There is little evidence for an inclusion of the Cretaceous fossils in the extant clade. Rather, a hypothesized general pattern of reduction of the vasculature in the ephedran seed envelope, probably from four vascular bundles in the fossils, to ancestrally three in the living clade, and later to two, is consistent with phylogenetic and temporal analyses, which indicate that extant diversity evolved after the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Notwithstanding striking similarities between living and Cretaceous Ephedra, available data indicate that the Mesozoic diversity went almost entirely extinct in the late Cretaceous causing a bottleneck effect in Ephedra, still reflected today by an extraordinarily low level of genetic and structural diversity.

中文翻译:

麻黄(Gnetales)的雌性生殖单位:比较形态学和进化观点

从进化的角度来看,麻黄 (Gnetales) 的形态变异有限且令人困惑,具有平行性和种内变异。然而,最近对分子数据的分析为研究形态特征提供了系统发育框架,尽管在所研究的基因区域中几乎没有信息特征。我们记录了雌性生殖单元的形态学、解剖学和组织学变异模式,并检验了一些与麻黄共享突触的早白垩世化石是现存进化枝成员的假设。结果表明,尽管种内变异很明显,但一些形态特征在进化上提供了信息。锥苞和种子包膜的组织学和解剖学显示出特定于进化枝的变异模式。几乎没有证据表明白垩纪化石包含在现存的进化枝中。相反,麻黄种子包膜中脉管系统减少的假设一般模式,可能从化石中的四个维管束,到活进化枝中的三个维管束,再到两个,与系统发育和时间分析一致,这表明现存的多样性在白垩纪-第三纪边界之后演化。尽管现存的麻黄与白垩纪的麻黄有着惊人的相似性,但现有数据表明,中生代多样性在白垩纪晚期几乎完全灭绝,导致麻黄的瓶颈效应,今天仍然反映在遗传和结构多样性的极低水平上。麻黄种子包膜中脉管系统减少的假设一般模式,可能从化石中的四个维管束,到活进化枝中的三个维管束,再到两个,与系统发育和时间分析一致,这表明现存的多样性在白垩纪-第三纪界线之后演化。尽管现存的麻黄与白垩纪的麻黄有着惊人的相似性,但现有数据表明,中生代多样性在白垩纪晚期几乎完全灭绝,导致麻黄的瓶颈效应,今天仍然反映在遗传和结构多样性的极低水平上。麻黄种子包膜中脉管系统减少的假设一般模式,可能从化石中的四个维管束,到活进化枝中的三个维管束,再到两个,与系统发育和时间分析一致,这表明现存的多样性在白垩纪-第三纪界线之后演化。尽管现存的麻黄与白垩纪的麻黄有着惊人的相似性,但现有数据表明,中生代多样性在白垩纪晚期几乎完全灭绝,导致麻黄的瓶颈效应,今天仍然反映在遗传和结构多样性的极低水平上。这表明现存的多样性在白垩纪-第三纪边界之后演化。尽管现存的麻黄与白垩纪的麻黄有着惊人的相似性,但现有数据表明,中生代多样性在白垩纪晚期几乎完全灭绝,导致麻黄的瓶颈效应,今天仍然反映在遗传和结构多样性的极低水平上。这表明现存的多样性在白垩纪-第三纪边界之后演化。尽管现存麻黄与白垩纪麻黄之间存在惊人的相似性,但现有数据表明,中生代多样性在白垩纪晚期几乎完全灭绝,导致麻黄的瓶颈效应,今天仍然反映在遗传和结构多样性的极低水平上。
更新日期:2010-08-25
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