The weakly electric gymnotiform fish produce a rhythmic electric organ discharge (EOD) used for communication and active electrolocation. The EOD frequency is entrained to a medullary pacemaker nucleus. During communication and exploration, this rate can be modulated by a pre-pacemaker network, resulting in specific patterns of rate modulation, including stereotyped communication signals and dynamic interactions with conspecifics known as a Jamming Avoidance Response (JAR). One well-known stereotyped signal is the chirp, a brief upward frequency sweep usually lasting less than 500 ms. The abrupt change in frequency has dramatic effects on phase precession between two signalers. We report here on chirping in Brachyhypopmus cf. sullivani, Microsternarchus cf. bilineatus Lineage C, and Steatogenys cf. elegans during conspecific playback experiments. Microsternarchus also exhibits two behaviors that include chirp-like extreme frequency modulations, EOD interruptions with hushing silence and tumultuous rises, and these are described in terms of receiver impact. These behaviors all have substantial impact on interference caused by conspecifics and may be a component of the JAR in some species. Chirps are widely used in electronic communications systems, sonar, and other man-made active sensing systems. The brevity of the chirp, and the phase disruption it causes, makes chirps effective as attention-grabbing or readiness signals. This conforms to the varied assigned functions across gymnotiforms, including pre-combat aggressive or submissive signals or during courtship and mating. The specific behavioral contexts of chirp expression vary across species, but the physical structure of the chirp makes it extremely salient to conspecifics. Chirps may be expected in a wide range of behavioral contexts where their function depends on being noticeable and salient. Further, in pulse gymnotiforms, the chirp is well structured to comprise a robust jamming signal to a conspecific receiver if specifically timed to the receiver's EOD cycle. Microsternarchus and Steatogenys exploit this feature and include chirps in dynamic jamming avoidance behaviors. This may be an evolutionary re-use of a circuitry for a specific signal in another context.

中文翻译：

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一罐Chi：not形Chi可以同时充当通信信号和避免干扰的响应。

弱电体操形鱼产生用于交流和主动电定位的节律性器官放电（EOD）。EOD频率被夹带至起搏器髓核。在通信和探索期间，此速率可以由预先起搏器网络进行调制，从而形成特定的速率调制模式，包括定型的通信信号以及与称为干扰避免响应（JAR）的特定对象的动态交互。well是一种众所周知的定型信号，即短暂的向上频率扫描，通常持续不到500 ms。频率的突然变化对两个信号器之间的相位进动有显着影响。我们在这里报告了Brachyhypopmus cf中的chi声。sullivani，Microsternarchus参见。bilineatus血统C和Steatogenys参见。特定播放实验期间的线虫。Microsternarchus还表现出两种行为，包括类似线性调频的极端频率调制，带有静默寂静和动荡上升的EOD中断，这些行为是根据接收器的影响来描述的。这些行为都对特定物种引起的干扰具有重大影响，并且在某些物种中可能是JAR的组成部分。线性调频脉冲广泛用于电子通信系统，声纳和其他人造主动传感系统中。线性调频的简短性及其引起的相位中断，使得线性调频有效地吸引了注意力或准备就绪信号。这符合跨体操运动员的各种分配功能，包括在战斗前积极或柔和的信号或在求偶和交配期间。rp表达的特定行为背景因物种而异，但是the的物理结构使其对特定物种极为重要。rp可能会在各种行为环境中发挥作用，它们的功能取决于引人注目和突出。此外，在脉冲体操形式中，线性调频脉冲具有良好的结构，如果特定定时到接收器的EOD周期，则它包括到特定接收器的鲁棒干扰信号。Microsternarchus和Steatogenys利用此功能，并在动态避免干扰行为中包括chi。在另一情况下，这可能是对特定信号的电路的演进性重用。线性调频脉冲的结构良好，如果特定定时到接收器的EOD周期，则它包括针对特定接收器的强大干扰信号。Microsternarchus和Steatogenys利用此功能，并在动态避免干扰行为中包括chi。在另一情况下，这可能是对特定信号的电路的演进性重用。线性调频脉冲的结构良好，如果特定定时到接收器的EOD周期，则它包括针对特定接收器的强大干扰信号。Microsternarchus和Steatogenys利用此功能，并在动态避免干扰行为中包括chi。在另一情况下，这可能是对特定信号的电路的演进性重用。