Abstract The timing of recurring biological and seasonal environmental events is changing on a global scale relative to temperature and other climate drivers. This study considers the Gulf of Maine ecosystem, a region of high social and ecological importance in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and synthesizes current knowledge of (a) key seasonal processes, patterns, and events; (b) direct evidence for shifts in timing; (c) implications of phenological responses for linked ecological‐human systems; and (d) potential phenology‐focused adaptation strategies and actions. Twenty studies demonstrated shifts in timing of regional marine organisms and seasonal environmental events. The most common response was earlier timing, observed in spring onset, spring and winter hydrology, zooplankton abundance, occurrence of several larval fishes, and diadromous fish migrations. Later timing was documented for fall onset, reproduction and fledging in Atlantic puffins, spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, and occurrence of additional larval fishes. Changes in event duration generally increased and were detected in zooplankton peak abundance, early life history periods of macro‐invertebrates, and lobster fishery landings. Reduced duration was observed in winter–spring ice‐affected stream flows. Two studies projected phenological changes, both finding diapause duration would decrease in zooplankton under future climate scenarios. Phenological responses were species‐specific and varied depending on the environmental driver, spatial, and temporal scales evaluated. Overall, a wide range of baseline phenology and relevant modeling studies exist, yet surprisingly few document long‐term shifts. Results reveal a need for increased emphasis on phenological shifts in the Gulf of Maine and identify opportunities for future research and consideration of phenological changes in adaptation efforts.

中文翻译：

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是时候了：缅因湾生态系统物候变化的综合

摘要 相对于温度和其他气候驱动因素，重复发生的生物和季节性环境事件的时间在全球范围内正在发生变化。本研究考虑了缅因湾生态系统，这是西北大西洋中具有高度社会和生态重要性的区域，并综合了以下方面的当前知识：（a）关键季节过程、模式和事件；(b) 时间变化的直接证据；(c) 物候反应对相关生态-人类系统的影响；(d) 潜在的以物候为重点的适应策略和行动。二十项研究证明了区域海洋生物和季节性环境事件发生时间的变化。最常见的反应是较早的时间，在春季开始、春季和冬季水文、浮游动物丰度、几种幼鱼的出现和产卵鱼类洄游中观察到。大西洋海雀的秋季发病、繁殖和羽翼丰满、春季和秋季浮游植物的繁殖以及其他幼鱼出现的时间都被记录在案。事件持续时间的变化普遍增加，并在浮游动物丰度峰值、大型无脊椎动物的早期生活史时期和龙虾捕捞上岸中检测到。在冬春受冰影响的河流中观察到持续时间缩短。两项研究预测了物候变化，均发现在未来的气候情景下，浮游动物的滞育持续时间将会减少。物候反应具有物种特异性，并且根据所评估的环境驱动因素、空间和时间尺度而变化。总体而言，存在广泛的基线物候学和相关模型研究，但令人惊讶的是很少有记录长期变化的研究。结果表明，需要更加重视缅因湾的物候变化，并确定未来研究和考虑适应工作中物候变化的机会。