Receptors at the membrane of immune cells are the central players of innate and adaptative immunity, providing effective defence mechanisms against pathogens or cancer cells. Their function is intimately linked to their position at and within the membrane which provides accessibility, mobility as well as membrane proximal cytoskeleton anchoring, all of these elements playing important roles in the final function and links to cellular actions. Understanding how immune cells integrate the specific signals received at their membrane to take a decision remains an immense challenge and a very active field of fundamental and applied research. Recent progress in imaging and micromanipulation techniques have led to an unprecedented refinement in the description of molecular structures and supramolecular assemblies at the immune cell membrane, and provided a glimpse into their dynamics and regulation by force. Several key elements have been scrutinized such as the roles of relative sizes of molecules, lateral organisation, motion in the membrane of the receptors, but also physical cues such as forces, mediated by cellular substrates of different rigidities or applied by the cell itself, in conjunction with its partner cell. We review here these recent discoveries associated with a description of the biophysical methods used. While a conclusive picture integrating all of these components is still lacking, mainly due to the implication of diverse and different mechanisms and spatio-temporal scales involved, the amount of quantitative data available opens the way for physical modelling and numerical simulations and new avenues for experimental research.

中文翻译：

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淋巴细胞抗原受体的膜组织和物理调控：生物物理学家的观点。

免疫细胞膜上的受体是先天性和适应性免疫的主要角色，为病原体或癌细胞提供有效的防御机制。它们的功能与它们在膜上和在膜内的位置密切相关，从而提供了可及性，活动性以及膜近端细胞骨架锚定，所有这些元素在最终功能中起着重要作用，并与细胞作用联系在一起。了解免疫细胞如何整合在其细胞膜上接收到的特定信号以做出决定，仍然是一个巨大的挑战，也是基础研究和应用研究非常活跃的领域。成像和显微操作技术的最新进展导致对免疫细胞膜上的分子结构和超分子组装的描述有了空前的完善，并一窥它们的动力和受力调节。已经研究了几个关键要素，例如分子的相对大小，横向组织，受体膜的运动的作用，还包括由不同刚度的细胞底物介导的或由细胞本身施加的物理线索，例如力。与它的伙伴单元一起。我们在这里回顾与使用的生物物理方法的描述有关的这些最新发现。尽管仍然缺乏整合所有这些成分的结论性图片，这主要是由于所涉及的机制多种多样和时空尺度，但可用的定量数据数量为物理建模和数值模拟以及实验的新途径开辟了道路。研究。