Intraspecific competition is a key factor shaping space-use strategies and movement decisions in many species, yet how and when neighbors utilize shared areas while exhibiting active avoidance of one another is largely unknown. Here, we investigated temporal landscape partitioning in a population of wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). We used global positioning system (GPS) collars to synchronously record the hourly locations of five baboon social groups for ∼900 days, and we used behavioral, demographic, and life history data to measure factors affecting use of overlap areas. Annual home ranges of neighboring groups overlapped substantially, as predicted (baboons are considered non-territorial), but home ranges overlapped less when space use was assessed over shorter time scales. Moreover, neighboring groups were in close spatial proximity to one another on fewer days than predicted by a null model, suggesting an avoidance-based spacing pattern. At all time scales examined (monthly, biweekly, and weekly), time spent in overlap areas was greater during time periods when groups fed on evenly dispersed, low-quality foods. The percent of fertile females in social groups was negatively correlated with time spent in overlap areas only during weekly time intervals. This suggests that broad temporal changes in ecological resources are a major predictor of how intensively overlap areas are used, and groups modify these ecologically driven spacing patterns at short time scales based on female reproductive status. Together, these findings offer insight into the economics of territoriality by highlighting the dynamics of spacing patterns at differing time scales.

中文翻译：

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当好邻居不需要围栏时：狒狒社会群体之间的时间景观分区

种内竞争是许多物种塑造空间使用策略和运动决策的关键因素，但邻居如何以及何时利用共享区域同时表现出积极回避彼此在很大程度上是未知的。在这里，我们调查了野生狒狒（Papio cynocephalus）种群的时间景观划分。我们使用全球定位系统 (GPS) 项圈同步记录了大约 900 天五个狒狒社会群体的每小时位置，我们使用行为、人口统计和生活史数据来衡量影响重叠区域使用的因素。正如预测的那样（狒狒被认为是无领地的），邻近群体的年度家园范围有很大的重叠，但在更短的时间尺度上评估空间使用时，家园范围的重叠较少。而且，相邻组在空间上彼此接近的天数少于空模型预测的天数，这表明基于回避的间隔模式。在检查的所有时间尺度（每月、每两周和每周）中，当群体以均匀分散的低质量食物为食时，在重叠区域花费的时间更长。仅在每周的时间间隔内，社会群体中可育女性的百分比与在重叠区域花费的时间呈负相关。这表明生态资源的广泛时间变化是重叠区域使用强度的主要预测因素，并且群体会根据女性生殖状况在短时间内修改这些生态驱动的间隔模式。一起，