This review summarizes progress in the construction of efficient yeast ethanol producers from glucose/sucrose and lignocellulose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the major industrial producer of first-generation ethanol. The different approaches to increase ethanol yield and productivity from glucose in S. cerevisiae are described. Construction of the producers of second-generation ethanol is described for S. cerevisiae, one of the best natural xylose fermenters, Scheffersomyces stipitis and the most thermotolerant yeast known Ogataea polymorpha. Each of these organisms has some advantages and drawbacks. S. cerevisiae is the primary industrial ethanol producer and is the most ethanol tolerant natural yeast known and, however, cannot metabolize xylose. S. stipitis can effectively ferment both glucose and xylose and, however, has low ethanol tolerance and requires oxygen for growth. O. polymorpha grows and ferments at high temperatures and, however, produces very low amounts of ethanol from xylose. Review describes how the mentioned drawbacks could be overcome.

中文翻译：

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建设酿酒酵母和非常规酵母（Scheffersomyces stipitis，Ogataea polymorpha）精选物种的第一代和第二代乙醇先进生产商。

这篇综述总结了从葡萄糖/蔗糖和木质纤维素构建高效酵母乙醇生产商的进展。酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）是第一代乙醇的主要工业生产商。描述了增加酿酒酵母中葡萄糖的乙醇产量和生产率的不同方法。描述了酿酒酵母（S. cerevisiae）的第二代乙醇生产者的构造，酿酒酵母是最好的天然木糖发酵罐，裂殖酵母和已知最耐热的酵母多形小形酵母（Ogataea polymorpha）之一。这些生物都有各自的优点和缺点。酿酒酵母是主要的工业乙醇生产者，并且是已知的最耐乙醇的天然酵母，但是不能代谢木糖。葡萄球菌可以有效地发酵葡萄糖和木糖，但是，乙醇耐受性低，需要氧气才能生长。O. polymorpha在高温下生长和发酵，但是会从木糖中产生非常少量的乙醇。评论介绍了如何克服上述缺点。